Sensor Networks and Configuration (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Authors 14
1 Introduction 19
1.1 Introduction and Background 19
1.2 IEEE 802.15.4 22
1.3 ZigBee 23
1.4 Cross-layer Design 24
1.5 Sensor-Grid Computing 25
1.6 Routing Protocol 25
1.7 Energy Efficiency 25
1.8 Topology Control 26
1.9 Quality Assurance 26
1.10 Aggregation 28
1.11 Localisation 28
1.12 Sensor Web 29
1.13 MANET versus WSNs 30
1.14 Distributed Control 31
1.15 Some Typical Applications 33
1.16 MICA Mote 34
1.17 References 35
2 Time Sensitive IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol 37
2.1 Contexts and Motivation 37
2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol 38
2.3 Network Components and Topologies 39
2.4 Physical Layer (PHY) 42
2.5 Medium Access Control Sub-Layer 44
2.6 The CSMA/CA Mechanisms 47
2.7 GTS Allocation and Management 49
2.8 Time-sensitive Applications 50
2.9 GTS Performance Evaluation 57
2.10 Research Trends 64
2.11 References 65
3 Service Oriented Sensor Web 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Related Work 70
3.3 Standard: OCG Sensor Web Enablement 71
3.4 Open Sensor Web 76
3.5 Experimentation and Evaluation 85
3.6 Summary and Future Works 89
3.7 References 90
4 Cross-layer Designs 92
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Pair-wise Cross Layer Protocols 93
4.3 Cross-layer Module Design 101
4.4 Cross-layer Resource Allocation 103
4.5. Open Research Problems 108
4.6 Precautionary Guidelines in Cross-layer Design 110
4.7 Conclusions 112
4.8 References 112
5 SensorGrid Architecture for Distributed Event Classification 116
5.1 Introduction 116
5.2 Approaches to Sensor-Grid Computing 118
5.3 Distributed Sensor-Grid Computing Applications 119
5.4 Experimental Results 125
5.5 Research Issues 128
5.6 Efficient Querying and Data Consistency 132
5.7 Conclusions 133
5.8 References 133
6 Topology Control 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 WANET Model and Topology Control (TC) 137
6.3 Overview of TC Algorithms 138
6.4 TC in Stationary WSNs 140
6.5 Non Homogenous TC 144
6.6 Mobile WSNs 150
6.7 References 154
7 Routing Protocols 158
7.1 Introduction 158
7.2 Design Issues 159
7.3 Flat Routing Protocols 159
7.4 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 167
7.5 Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols: TEEN and APTEEN 169
7.6 Geographic Routing Protocols 172
7.7 References 179
8 Energy Efficient Routing 182
8.1 Introduction 182
8.2 Need for New Routing Protocols 182
8.3 Sources of Energy Consumption 184
8.4 New Approaches 185
8.5 Effects of Wireless Technology on Routing 187
8.6 Routing Classification 189
8.7 Routing Schemes 192
8.8 Summary 200
8.9 References 201
9 Quality Assurances of Probabilistic Queries 204
9.1 Introduction 204
9.2 Review 206
9.3 Data Uncertainty and Probabilistic Queries 206
9.4 Query Quality Metrics 211
9.5 Query-centric Probing Policies 215
9.6 Sensor Selection Techniques 217
9.7 Determining Sample Size and the Set of Sensors 223
9.8 Conclusions 223
9.9 References 224
10 Resilient Aggregations: Statistical Approach 226
10.1 Introduction 226
10.2 State-of-the-art 228
10.3 Outliers and Robust Statistics 235
10.4 An Example of the RANSAC Approach 242
10.5 Conclusions 249
10.6 References 250
11 Communication Performance Study 252
11.1 Introduction 252
11.2 Review 252
11.3 Experimental Setup 254
11.4 Methodology Description 257
11.5 Experimental Results 261
11.6 Discussion and Conclusions 271
11.7 References 272
12 Energy Efficient Data Management 274
12.1 Introduction 274
12.2 Data Storage 277
12.3 Exact Query Processing 280
12.4 Approximate Query Processing 284
12.5 References 293
13 Localisation 295
13.1 Introduction Introduction Introduction 295
13.2 Measurement Techniques 296
13.3 Connectivity-based Localisation Algorithms 304
13.4 Distance-Based Localisation Algorithms 306
13.5 Distance-Based Localisation Using Graph Theory 311
13.6 Rigid and Globally Rigid Graphs in Localisation 314
13.7 Trilaterations and Quadrilaterations 319
13.8 Localisation of Large-Scale Sensor Networks 323
13.9 Complexity: Rigid Graph Theory based Localisation 324
13.10 Current Problems In Distance-Based Localisation 325
13.11 References 327
14 Location Estimation 330
14.1 Introduction 330
14.2 Location Techniques 331
14.3 Comparisons 341
14.4 Conclusions 343
14.5 References 344
15 Application-driven Design 346
15.1 Introduction 346
15.2 Localisation 347
15.3 Power Supply Constraints 348
15.4 Software Design to Save Power 350
15.5 Physical Operating Environment 350
15.6 Hardware Design for EMC 352
15.7 Selection of RF 352
15.8 Sensing Requirements 353
15.9 Control Requirements 354
15.10 Cost Constraints 355
15.11 Security Requirements 356
15.12 Field Programmability 357
15.13 Presentation Layer 358
15.14 Reliability of Nodes and Network 358
15.15 Deployment 359
15.16 Conclusions 360
15.17 References 360
16 ZigBee and Their Applications 362
16.1 Introduction 362
16.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Basics 363
16.3 ZigBee Network Layer 370
16.4 Beacon Scheduling in ZigBee Tree Networks 375
16.5 Broadcasting in ZigBee Networks 376
16.6 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 377
16.7 Reference 380
17 MANET versus WSN 382
17.1 Introduction 382
17.2 Similarities 382
17.3 What Makes WSN Different 383
17.4 Protocol Stack 384
17.5 Physical Layer 386
17.6 MAC 388
17.7 Routing 390
17.8 Transport and Congestion Control 392
17.9 QoS Issues 394
17.10 Application Issues 396
17.11 Network Design 398
17.12 References 400
18 Industrial Sensor and Actuator Busses 402
18.1 Introduction 402
18.2 Fieldbuses and their Applications 403
18.3 OSI RM for Fieldbus Protocol (Murugesan 2003) 405
18.4 Enterprise Network 408
18.5 Synchronous Model of DCS (Raja 2003) 410
18.6 An Example of Fieldbus: The Local Operating Network ( Raji 2003) 412
18.7 Acknowledgement 414
18.8 References 414
19 Simulation of Distributed Control Systems 416
19.1 Introduction 416
19.2 Distributed Control Systems 417
19.3 Architectures 418
19.4 Simulation 421
19.5 Fault Tolerance Algorithms 423
19.6 Simulation Example 431
19.7 References 433
20 Wireless Pet Dog Management Systems 435
20.1 Introduction 435
20.2 Problem Analysis of Pet Dog Management 436
20.3 Basic Components 437
20.4 Design and Structure 438
20.5 Sub-control Devices 442
20.6 Experiments 445
20.7 Conclusions 449
20.8 References 449
21 Agriculture Monitoring 451
21.1 Introduction 451
21.2 WSN for Crops Monitoring 452
21.3 Livestock and Dairy Farming Monitoring 453
21.4 Advantages 454
21.5 Issues and Challenges 454
21.6 Wireless Internet for Agricultural Monitoring 457
21.7 Design of Agricultural Monitoring Network System 459
21.8 Wireless Sensor Network 462
21.9 Calibration and Measurement 468
21.10 3G Mobile Application 470
21.11 Conclusion 471
21.12 References 471
22 Intelligent CCTV via Planetary Sensor Network 475
22.1 Introduction 475
22.2 Review 476
22.3 Robust Face Recognition 476
22.4 Cascade Face Detector 478
22.5 Training and Detection Results 481
22.6 Face Recognition 489
22.7 Summary 494
22.8 References 494
23 Modulation Techniques and Topology: Review 497
23.1 Introduction and Background 497
23.2 RF and Communication Modules 498
23.3 Review on Modulation 499
23.4 Digital Modulation 500
23.5 Spread Spectrum Communication (SSC) 507
23.6 Adaptive Modulation Scaling Scheme 511
23.7 Key Points on Digital Communication 512
23.8 Network Topologies 513
23.9 References 515
Index 516