Abbreviations

AAV

adeno‐associated virus

Ab

antibody

AChR

acetylcholine receptor

ACT

adoptive cell transfer

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADA

adenosine deaminase

ADCC

antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity

AEP

asparagine endopeptidase

Ag

antigen

AID

activation‐induced cytidine deaminase

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIRE

autoimmune regulator

ALBA

addressable laser bead assay

ANCA

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

APC

antigen‐presenting cell

ARRE‐1

antigen receptor response element‐1

ARRE‐2

antigen receptor response element‐2

ART

antiretroviral therapy

ASFV

African swine fever virus

AZT

zidovudine (3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine)

BAFF

B‐cell‐activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family

B‐cell

lymphocyte which matures in bone marrow

BCG

bacille Calmette–Guérin attenuated form of tuberculosis

BCR

B‐cell receptor

BM

bone marrow

BSA

bovine serum albumin

BSE

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Btk

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase

BUDR

bromodeoxyuridine

C

complement

Cα(β/γ/δ)

constant part of TCR α(β/γ/δ) chain

CALLA

common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen

cAMP

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CCP

complement control protein repeat

CD

cluster of differentiation

CDR

complementarity determining regions of Ig or TCR variable portion

CEA

carcinoembryonic antigen

CFA

complete Freund’s adjuvant

cGMP

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

ChIP

chromatin immunoprecipitation

CHIP

chemotaxis inhibitory protein

CH(L)

constant part of Ig heavy (light) chain

CLA

cutaneous lymphocyte antigen

CLIP

class II‐associated invariant chain peptide

CMI

cell‐mediated immunity

CML

cell‐mediated lympholysis

CMV

cytomegalovirus

Cn

complement component “n”

activated complement component “n”

iCn

inactivated complement component “n”

Cna

small peptide derived by proteolytic activation of Cn

CpG

cytosine phosphate‐guanosine dinucleotide motif

CR(n)

complement receptor “n”

CRP

C‐reactive protein

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CSR

class switch recombination

CTLR

C‐type lectin receptor

DAF

decay accelerating factor

DAG

diacylglycerol

DAMP

danger‐associated molecular pattern

DC

dendritic cells

D gene

diversity minigene joining V and J segments to form variable region

DMARD

disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug

DNP

dinitrophenyl

DTH

delayed‐type hypersensitivity

DTP

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis triple vaccine

EAE

experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis

EBV

Epstein–Barr virus

ELISA

enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay

EM

electron microscope

Eø

eosinophil

EPO

erythropoietin

ER

endoplasmic reticulum

ES

embryonic stem (cell)

ET

exfoliative toxins

F(B)

factor (B, etc.)

Fab

monovalent Ig antigen‐binding fragment after papain digestion

F(ab′)2

divalent antigen‐binding fragment after pepsin digestion

FACS

fluorescence‐activated cell sorter

FasL

Fas‐ligand

Fc

Ig crystallizable‐fragment originally; now non‐Fab part of Ig

FcγR

receptor for IgG Fc fragment

FDC

follicular dendritic cell

flt‐3

flk‐2 ligand

(sc)Fv

(single chain) VH–VL antigen binding fragment

GADS

GRB2‐related adaptor protein

g.b.m.

glomerular basement membrane

G‐CSF

granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor

GEFs

guanine‐nucleotide exchange factors

GM‐CSF

granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor

gpn

n kDa glycoprotein

GRB2

growth factor receptor‐binding protein 2

GSK3

glycogen synthase kinase 3

GVH

graft versus host

H‐2

the mouse major histocompatibility complex

H‐2D/K/L(A/E)

main loci for classical class I (class II) murine MHC molecules

HAMA

human antimouse antibodies

HATA

human antitoxin antibody

HBsAg

hepatitis B surface antigen

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

HCMV

human cytomegalovirus

HEL

hen egg lysozyme

HEV

high‐walled endothelium of postcapillary venule

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HLA

human major histocompatibility complex

HLA‐A/B/C(DP/DQ/DR)

main loci for classical class I (class II) human MHC molecules

HMG

high mobility group

HR

hypersensitive response

HRF

homologous restriction factor

HSA

heat‐stable antigen

HSC

hematopoietic stem cell

hsp

heat‐shock protein

5HT

5‐hydroxytryptamine

HTLV

human T‐cell leukemia virus

H‐Y

male transplantation antigen

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

ICAM‐1

intercellular adhesion molecule‐1

Id (αId)

idiotype (anti‐idiotype)

IDC

interdigitating dendritic cells

IDDM

insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus

IDO

indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase

IEL

intraepithelial lymphocyte

IFNα

α‐interferon (also IFNβ, IFNγ)

IFR

interferon‐regulated factor

Ig

immunoglobulin

IgG

immunoglobulin G (also IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE)

sIg

surface immunoglobulin

Ig‐α/Ig‐β

membrane peptide chains associated with sIg B‐cell receptor

IgSF

immunoglobulin superfamily

IL‐1

interleukin‐1 (also IL‐2, IL‐3, etc.)

iNOS

inducible nitric oxide synthase

IP3

inositol trisphosphate

ISCOM

immunostimulating complex

ITAM

immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif

ITIM

immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif

ITP

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

IVIg

intravenous immunoglobulin

JAK

Janus kinases

J chain

polypeptide chain in IgA dimer and IgM pentamer

J gene

joining gene linking V or D segment to constant region

Ka(d)

association (dissociation) affinity constant (usually Ag–Ab reactions)

kDa

units of molecular mass in kilodaltons

KIR

killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors

KLH

keyhole limpet hemocyanin

LAK

lymphokine‐activated killer cell

LAMP

lysosomal‐associated membrane proteins

LAT

linker for activation of T‐cells

LATS

long‐acting thyroid stimulator

LBP

LPS‐binding protein

LCM

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Lea/b/x

Lewisa/b/x blood group antigens

LFA‐1

lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1

LGL

large granular lymphocyte

LHRH

luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

LIF

leukemia inhibiting factor

LPS

lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

LRR

leucine‐rich repeat

LT(B)

leukotriene (B etc.)

mAb

monoclonal antibody

MAC

membrane attack complex

MAdCAM

mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule

MALT

mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue

MAM

Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen

MAP...