Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

Preface iv

1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1

2 The Chemical Level of Organization 29

3 The Cellular Level of Organization 63

4 The Tissue Level of Organization 111

5 The Integumentary System 149

6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 177

7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 202

8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 242

9 Joints 269

10 Muscular Tissue 305

11 The Muscular System 344

12 Nervous Tissue 419

13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 461

14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 493

15 The Autonomic Nervous System 546

16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems 569

17 The Special Senses 600

18 The Endocrine System 647

19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 696

20 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 727

21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 771

22 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity 846

23 The Respiratory System 891

24 The Digestive System 941

25 Metabolism and Nutrition 1000

26 The Urinary System 1042

27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid– Base Homeostasis 1087

28 The Genital (Reproductive) Systems 1106

29 Development and Inheritance 1160

Appendix A Measurements A- 1

Appendix B Periodic Table B- 3

Appendix C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C- 4

Appendix D Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests D- 6

Appendix E Answers to Critical Thinking Questions E- 8

Appendix F Medical Eponyms F- 14

Glossary G- 1

Index I- 1