Nanotechnology for Electronics, Photonics, and Renewable Energy (eBook)

Preface 4
Notes 5
Contents 7
Contributors 8
1 Molecular Electronics: Challenges and Perspectives 10
Introduction 10
Single Molecules 13
Transport in OPVs 15
Power Dissipation in Molecular Junctions 18
Perspectives 22
Crossbar Memories 23
Organic Thin-Film Transistors 27
Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers 28
Drift Diffusion Model 30
Analytical Models for OTFTs 32
Simulation of Organic Thin Film Transistors 35
Circuits Based on OTFTs: Inverters and Ring Oscillators 39
Perspectives 45
References 45
2 Three-Dimensional SiliconGermanium Nanostructures for CMOS-Compatible Light Emitters 50
Introduction 50
Light Emission in Crystalline Silicon and Germanium 51
Light Emission in SiGe Bulk Alloys and Composition-Controlled Quantum Wells 55
Properties of SiGe Three-Dimensional Nanostructures 57
Growth and Structural Properties of Si/SiGe Three-Dimensional Nanostructures 59
Light-Emitting Properties of Si/SiGe Three-Dimensional Nanostructures 67
Carrier Recombination in Si/SiGe Nanostructures 74
Electroluminescence in Si/SiGe Nanostructures 78
Photoluminescence in Si/SiGe Nanostructures Under High Excitation Intensity 81
SiGe Light Emitters: Integration Issues and Compatibility with CMOS 86
Conclusion 87
References 88
3 On Application of Plasmas in Nanotechnologies 94
Introduction 94
Introduction to Plasma Physics and Why Plasmas Are Useful 97
Plasmas for Manufacturing of Integrated Circuits 101
Plasma Etching in Nanoelectronics 101
What Are the Limits: Roadmaps 103
Plasma Sources for the Standard Nanoelectronics Technology 104
Capacitively Coupled Plasmas 104
Inductively Coupled Plasmas 104
Modelling Plasma Processing Devices 105
Two-Frequency Plasmas, Pulsed Plasmas and Charging Damage 106
Fast Neutral Etching and Sources of Fast Neutrals 109
Etching of Low- k Dielectrics 110
Plasma as a Source of Nanomaterials 111
Nanomaterials 111
Carbon Nanotubes 112
Thin-Film Nanomaterials 116
Medical Device Biocompatible Coatings 118
Growth of Nanocrystals and Nanostructures on Surfaces and Nanowalls 120
Dust Particles and Their Control 121
Plasma Treatment of Surfaces 123
Surface Roughness as a Limiting Factor 124
Practical Implications of the Treatment of Surfaces 125
Plasma Treatment of Textiles 125
Biomedical Applications 129
Plasma Sterilization 129
New Sources of Non-equilibrium Plasmas 129
Micro-discharges and Their Applications 130
Scaling of the Properties of the Standard Size to Micro-discharges 130
Plasma Needle 131
Conclusion 132
References 133
4 All Carbon Nanotubes Are Not Created Equal 140
Introduction 140
Brief Overview of CNT Applications 141
The Origin of Many Forms of Carbon 142
Atomic Structure and the Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 144
The General Principles of Carbon Nanotube Synthesis 146
Chemical Vapor Deposition 148
CVD Growth of Application-Specific CNT Structures 151
Vertically Aligned Nanotube Arrays 151
The Role of Elements Other than Carbon 154
Horizontally Aligned Nanotubes Arrays 155
The Quest for Chiral Purity 157
Conclusions 158
References 159
5 Two Routes to Subcellular Sensing 162
A (Rational) Dream 162
The Metabolic Pattern 166
The Temporal Domain 166
The Spatial Domain 167
The Chemical Domain 167
Sensing as a Key Tool for Systems Biology 168
Life Functionals 168
Determining the Life Functionals 169
The Boron Route to Subcellular Sensing 171
Early Attempts at Subcellular Sensing 171
Updating the Early Attempts 172
From ICs to Nanobiosensors 174
The Incremental Increase of Complexity of ICs and Sensors 174
The Shift of Paradigm 175
The Crossbar Structure 177
Superlattice Nanowire Pattern Transfer 178
Sidewall Patterning Techniques 178
Additive Route 180
Multiplicative Route 181
Addressing Sublithographic Features with Lithographic Tools 182
The Crossbar Route to Subcellular Sensing 183
Conclusions 188
References 189
6 Photothermal Sensing of Chemical Vapors UsingINTbreak Microcantilevers
Introduction 192
Cantilever Sensors and Challenges 193
Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy 193
Adsorbed Mass Detection 194
Experimental Techniques 195
Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Explosives 196
Conclusion 199
References 199
7 Nanoelectronics for DNA Sensing 201
Introduction 201
Challenges 203
Electron Transport Through the DNA Nucleotides 204
DNA Translocation Through Nanoelectrode Gaps 206
Search for Solutions 207
Quasi-resonant Tunneling 207
Paul Trap for DNA Translocation 209
References 215
8 Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 218
Introduction 218
Lithium-Ion Batteries 219
Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 222
Nanostructured Cathodes 222
Nanostructured Layered Oxide Cathodes 222
Surface-Modified (Nanocoating) Layered Oxide Cathodes 224
Nanostructured Spinel Oxide Cathodes 227
Nano-oxide-Coated Spinel Cathodes 228
Nanostructured Polyanion-Containing Cathodes 228
Nanostructured Phospho-olivine Cathodes 230
Other Polyanion-Containing Cathodes 235
Nanostructured Anodes 236
Nanostructured Carbon-Based Anodes 236
Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanosheets 236
Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Anodes 238
Nanostructured Alloy Anodes 239
Nanostructured Tin- and Antimony-Based Alloys 240
Silicon Nanowires 242
Nanostructured Metal Oxide Anodes 243
Conclusions 245
References 246
9 Synthetic Models of Copper Proteins for Biofuel Cell Applications 251
Introduction 251
The Two-Copper-Ion Fragment and Oxygen 252
Proteins with Coupled Binuclear Copper Centers 253
Hemocyanin and Tyrosinase 254
Type 3 Centers 256
Modeling Enzymes 258
Pyrazole 265
Conclusion 272
References 273
Index 277