Nanotechnology for Bioenergy and Biofuel Production (eBook)

Mahendra K. Rai is Professor and Head of the Department of Biotechnology at Amravati University in Maharashtra, India. He has published 210 research papers, more than 100 popular articles in Indian and foreign journals and 31 books. He has received several prestigious awards, including the Father T.A. Mathias Award (1989) from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education, and the Medini Award (1999) from the Department of Environment and Forest, Government of India.Silvio Silvério da Silva is an Associate Professor and Head of Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. He has published more than 140 papers in peer reviewed international journals and presented more than 475 papers in international conference proceedings. He has published 3 international books and 18 book chapters.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Part I: Nanotechnological Applications in Bioenergy and Biofuel 14
Chapter 1: Bioenergy and Biofuels: Nanotechnological Solutions for Sustainable Production 15
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Global View of Bioenergy and Biofuel 17
1.3 Nanotechnological Solutions 19
1.3.1 Nanotechnology in Bioenergy Production 19
1.3.1.1 Nanotechnology in Biogas Production 19
1.3.2 Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production 20
1.3.2.1 Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 20
1.3.2.2 Nanocatalysts in Bioethanol Production 23
1.4 Safety Issues 25
1.5 Conclusions 26
References 27
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology Applications on Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment 31
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Using Nanotechnology to Transform Lignocellulosic Agricultural Residues 33
2.3 Nanotechnology Significance in Biofuel Production 34
2.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 35
2.4.1 Use of Nanoscale Instrumentation for Analysis of Lignocellulosic Fibers 35
2.4.2 Lignocellulose Pretreatment Using Nano-shear Hybrid Alkaline Technique 38
2.4.3 Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanoparticles for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion 41
2.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Use in Nanocellulose Production 42
2.6 Utilization of Residues of Bioethanol Process in Nanocellulose Production 44
2.7 Liquor Extraction as By-product of NCC (Nanocrystalline Cellulose) 45
2.8 Conclusion 46
References 46
Chapter 3: Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biofuel Cell 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 51
3.3 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biofuel Cell 55
3.4 Conclusion 67
References 68
Chapter 4: Multifunctional Nanoparticle Applications to Microalgal Biorefinery 70
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Nanoparticle-Aided Microalgae Harvesting 73
4.2.1 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 73
4.2.2 Aminoclay Nanoparticles 76
4.2.3 Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Integrated Use 80
4.2.4 Recyclable Nanoparticles 81
4.3 Nanoparticle-Aided Lipid Extraction 84
4.3.1 Aminoclay-Based Lipid Extraction 85
4.3.2 Potential Engineered Nanoparticles 86
4.4 Nanoparticle-Aided Conversion of Oil to Biodiesel 87
4.4.1 Acid Nanocatalyst 88
4.4.2 Base Nanocatalyst 91
4.4.3 Nanocatalysts for Greener Biodiesel 92
4.5 Conclusion 93
References 95
Part II: Nanotechnology in Biomass Conversion 99
Chapter 5: Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgal Biomass 100
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Gasification Principles 103
5.3 Analytical Approach 111
5.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 111
5.4 Kinetic Modeling of Microalgal Biomass Gasification 115
5.5 Nanotechnology for Algal Biofuel Production 116
5.5.1 Nanomaterials for Biomass Gasification 118
5.6 Conclusion 119
References 120
Chapter 6: Hierarchy Nano- and Ultrastructure of Lignocellulose and Its Impact on the Bioconversion of Cellulose 126
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Chemical Compositions of Lignocellulose 127
6.2.1 Cellulose Chemistry and Structure 128
6.2.1.1 Chemical Features of Cellulose 128
6.2.1.2 Crystalline Structures of Cellulose 130
6.2.1.3 Effect of Crystalline and Nanostructure on Cellulose Susceptibility 131
6.2.2 Hemicelluloses Chemistry and Structures 132
6.2.3 Lignin Chemistry and Structures 135
6.3 Hierarchy Structure of Cell Wall and Its Impact on Bioconversion 138
6.3.1 Multilayered Architecture of Cell Wall 138
6.3.2 Ultrastructure, Nanoporosity, and Recalcitrance of Cell Wall 139
6.4 Pretreatment and Its Influence on the Ultrastructure of Cell Wall 142
6.4.1 Mechanical and Chemi-mechanical Pretreatment 142
6.4.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment 143
6.4.3 Chemical Pretreatment 145
6.4.3.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment 145
6.4.3.2 Alkaline Pretreatment 146
6.4.3.3 Organosolv Pretreatment 146
6.4.3.4 Oxidative Pretreatment 147
6.4.3.5 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment 148
6.5 Techniques to Characterize the Ultrastructure and Porosity of Cell Wall and Accessibility of Cellulose 148
6.6 Conclusion 153
References 154
Chapter 7: Role of Nanoparticles in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose in Ethanol 161
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 163
7.3 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Materials 164
7.3.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods 164
7.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment Methods 165
7.3.3 Biological Pretreatment Methods 165
7.4 Multiple or Combinatorial Pretreatment Methods 166
7.5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production 167
7.5.1 Potential Nanoparticles for Bioethanol Production 167
7.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 168
7.5.3 Carbon, Silica, Gold, and Other Nanoparticles 171
7.6 Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanoparticles for Bioethanol Production 172
7.7 Conclusion 175
References 175
Chapter 8: Physicochemical Characterizations of Nanoparticles Used for Bioenergy and Biofuel Production 180
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Technique Selection Criteria for the Physicochemical Characterizations of NPs and NMs 181
8.3 Physicochemical Techniques Commonly Used to Characterize NPs and NMs 182
8.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 183
8.3.2 Plasmon Band Identification Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy 184
8.3.3 X-Ray-Based Characterizations 185
8.3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction 185
8.3.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 186
8.3.4 Time of Flight of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 188
8.3.5 Elucidation of the Size and Surface Charge of Nanoparticles 188
8.3.6 Investigation of Nanoparticle Morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy 189
8.3.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy 192
8.3.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy 194
8.4 Concluding Remarks 194
References 195
Part III: Nano-characterization and Role of Catalysts 199
Chapter 9: From Biomass to Fuels: Nano-catalytic Processes 200
9.1 Introduction 200
9.2 Processes for Biomass Conversion 201
9.2.1 Non-catalytic and Catalytic Processes 202
9.3 Nano-catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Fuels 203
9.3.1 Nano-catalytic Processes 203
9.3.2 Nano-catalyst Preparation Methods for BTF Processes 208
9.3.3 Nanotechnology Preference for BTF Processes 209
9.4 Conclusion 209
References 210
Chapter 10: Catalytic Conversion on Lignocellulose to Biodiesel Product 212
10.1 Introduction 212
10.2 General Methods for the Production of Biofuels 213
10.2.1 Thermochemical Process 214
10.2.1.1 Pyrolysis Process 215
10.2.1.2 Liquefaction Process 216
10.2.1.3 Gasification Process 217
10.2.2 Hydrolysis Process 217
10.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis Technology 219
10.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Approach for the Production of Biofuels 219
10.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst 219
10.3.1.2 Bimetallic Heterogeneous Catalysts 222
10.4 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biomass: Selective Transformation of Biofuels 223
10.4.1 Bioethanol 223
10.4.2 Biodiesel 224
10.4.3 Bioethers 225
10.5 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biomass: Current Research and Prospective 226
10.5.1 Jatropha Biofuels 227
10.6 Conclusion 227
References 228
Chapter 11: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Biofuel Production 235
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Nanocatalysts for Green Diesel Production 237
11.3 Nanocatalysts for Biojet Fuel Production 246
11.4 Conclusions 253
References 254
Chapter 12: An Overview of the Recent Advances in the Application of Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for Biofuel Production 259
12.1 Introduction 260
12.2 Biofuel Production Methods 262
12.2.1 Gasification 262
12.2.2 Pyrolysis 267
12.2.3 Liquefaction 270
12.2.4 Hydrolysis 272
12.3 Transesterification 274
12.4 Anaerobic Digestion 276
12.4.1 Influential Parameters on AD Process 276
12.4.1.1 Temperature 276
12.4.1.2 pH 277
12.4.1.3 C/N Ratio 277
12.4.1.4 Organic Loading Rate 277
12.4.1.5 Retention Time 277
12.5 Nanocatalysts in Biofuel Production 278
12.5.1 Application of Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 278
12.5.2 Alkali Earth Metal Oxides 280
12.5.3 Transition Metal Oxides 287
12.5.4 Mixed Metal Oxides 287
12.5.5 Supported Metal Oxides 288
12.6 Applications of Nanocatalysts in Gasification/Pyrolysis Reactions from Biomass Feedstock 292
12.7 Conclusion 294
References 296
Chapter 13: Nanocatalysis for the Conversion of Nonedible Biomass to Biogasoline via Deoxygenation Reaction 304
13.1 Introduction 305
13.2 Nanocatalysts 308
13.2.1 Characteristics of Nanocatalyst 309
13.2.2 Performance of Nanocatalyst 310
13.2.3 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts 310
13.3 Deoxygenation of Nonedible Feedstock 312
13.3.1 Potential of Nonedible-Based Biomass 312
13.3.2 Deoxygenation Reaction 314
13.3.3 Reaction Mechanism of Deoxygenation Process 316
13.3.3.1 Deoxygenation Mechanism of Triglyceride-Based Feedstock 316
13.3.3.2 Deoxygenation Mechanism of Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstock 318
Sugar-Based Feedstock 318
Lignin-Based Model Compounds 318
13.4 Nanocatalysts for Deoxygenation Reaction 319
13.4.1 Precious and Non-precious Metal Catalyst 319
13.4.2 Mesoporous Catalyst for Deoxygenation Reaction of Triglyceride to Biofuel 322
13.5 Conclusion 322
References 323
Chapter 14: Impact of Nanoadditive Blended Biodiesel Fuels in Diesel Engines 327
14.1 Introduction 328
14.2 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Blended Fuels 329
14.2.1 Improvisation Attributes of Fuels on Adding Potential Nanoadditives 329
14.2.2 Stability Attributes of Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Emulsions 331
14.2.3 Working Attributes of Diesel Engine Using Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Fuels and Emulsions 333
14.2.4 Hot-Plate Evaporation Attributes of Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Emulsions 337
14.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 339
References 339
Part IV: Risk Management 342
Chapter 15: Nanotechnologies and the Risk Management of Biofuel Production 343
15.1 Introduction 344
15.2 From the Biofuels to the Nanotechnologies: Courses of the Nanotechnological Revolution 346
15.3 Assessment and Management of the Risks Generated by the Usage of the Nanoscale materials in Biofuels 350
15.4 Conclusion 359
References 360
Index 365