Practical Temperature Measurement (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 5
Preface 9
1 Temperature 13
1.1 Definition of temperature 13
1.2 Temperature scales 15
1.4 Conclusions 26
References 27
Nomenclature 27
2 General temperature measurement considerations 28
2.1 The measurement process 28
2.2 Heat transfer 30
2.3 Calibration and traceability 51
2.4 Data manipulation 53
2.5 Uncertainty 66
2.6 Conclusions 77
References 78
Nomenclature 79
3 Bimetallic thermometers 81
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Bimetallic strip modelling 82
3.3 Standard materials 84
3.4 Bimetallic thermometer construction 86
References 88
Nomenclature 89
4 Liquid- in- glass thermometers 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Error sources 96
4.3 Calibration 102
4.4 Special types 105
References 107
Nomenclature 109
5 Thermocouples 110
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Thermocouple analysis 112
5.3 Thermocouple types 119
5.4 Thermocouple assemblies and installation 132
5.5 EMF measurement 139
5.6 Grounding and noise 141
5.7 Calibration 143
5.8 Troubleshooting/thermocouple diagnostics 147
5.9 Selection 149
References 154
Nomenclature 156
6 Resistance temperature detectors 157
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 Platinum resistance thermometers 158
6.3 Copper and nickel resistance thermometers 184
6.4 Rhodium-iron, doped germanium and carbon resistors 185
6.5 Thermistors 185
6.6 Semiconductor devices 195
6.7 Selection 199
References 201
Nomenclature 205
7 Manometric thermometry 206
7.1 Introduction 206
7.2 Gas thermometry 206
7.3 Vapour pressure thermometry 215
7.4 Conclusions 217
References 218
Nomenclature 219
8 Semi- invasive temperature measurement 221
8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 Paints 222
8.3 Temperature-sensitive crayons, pellets and labels 233
8.4 Pyrometric cones, thermoscope bars and Bullers rings 240
References 246
Nomenclature 249
9 Infrared thermometry 250
9.1 Introduction 250
9.2 Fundamentals of thermal radiation 251
9.3 Detector classification 260
9.4 Spectral band thermometers 261
9.5 Total radiation thermometers 281
9.6 Ratio/dual-wavelength/two-colour thermometers 286
9.7 Fibre-optic thermometers 287
9.8 Thermal imaging 288
9.9 Calibration 293
9.10 Selection 297
References 297
Nomenclature 299
10 Other non-invasive temperature measurement techniques 301
10.1 Introduction 301
10.2 Refractive index methods 301
10.3 Absorption and emission spectroscopy 305
10.4 Line reversal 306
10.5 Spontaneous Rayleigh and Raman scattering 306
10.6 Coherent anti-Stokes-Raman scattering (CARS) 309
10.7 Degenerative four wave mixing (DFWM) 310
10.8 Laser-induced fluorescence 311
10.9 Acoustic thermography 312
References 313
Nomenclature 316
11 Technique selection 317
11.1 Introduction 317
11.2 Applications 326
11.3 Selection overview 329
References 334
Nomenclature 335
12 Heat flux measurement 336
12.1 Introduction 336
12.2 Thermal disruption 337
12.3 Differential temperature heat flux measurement techniques 341
12.4 Calorimetric heat flux measurement techniques 350
12.5 Energy supply or removal heat flux measurement techniques 361
12.6 The mass transfer analogy 362
12.7 Inverse conduction methods 365
12.8 Conclusions 365
References 368
Nomenclature 372
Index 375