WiMAX Security and Quality of Service – An End–to– End Perspective

SEOK YEE TANG has specialized in wireless communications systems throughout her 23 year career, gaining research, practical, management and leadership experience for military, industry and academic applications. In recent years she has worked with a varied range of companies over three continents. Her wireless communications career started with servicing UHF and VHF and HF radio communications sets used for the communications link between the Air Communications Operations Officers and the Air Force Pilots. She also upheld several leadership positions in her military career. Besides her career in Singapore Air Force, she has also worked for Microwave Communication Inc (MCI) in United States. Other universities and companies she has worked for include Mobile Research Group in University of Surrey in United Kingdom, University of Puerto Rico, Institute of Infocomm Singapore, and NEC in United Kingdom. She has also been an active member of the Technical Program Committees for several international Wireless Communications conferences since 2005. Conferences that she has contributed to organizing include Globecom, VTC and Chinacom. In 2008 she left the corporate world and is presently a financial market trader and also an entrepreneur. PETER MULLER joined the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory as a Research Staff Member in 1988, and was appointed the secretary of the IEEE Technical Committee on Communications and Information Systems Security in 2007. His research expertise covers a broad range of areas from information systems architecture and simulation techniques to device physics and nano-science. He holds a number of patents, has published more than 50 scientific articles, books, special journal issues and proceedings, as well as serving as a government counsel and chairing many international conferences and workshops. DR. HAMID R. SHARIF is the Henson Distinguished Professor of the Computer and Electronics Engineering Department and the Director of Advanced Telecommunications Engineering Laboratory (TEL) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. His current research interests include protocols, security, OoS and performance evaluations in wireless communications and networks. He has authored and co-authored over 160 technical papers in major international journals and refereed conferences. He serves as Steering Committee member, Symposium Chair and General Co-Chair of many international conferences, and also contributes as the Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Board member for several journals. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Wiley s Security and Communication Networks and a senior member of many professional organizations including IEEE. As the current Chapters Coordinator for IEEE Region 4, he is also the past Chair of the IEEE Nebraska Section and past President of the IEEE Nebraska Computer and Communications Societies.

Preface xv Acknowledgement xix List of Contributors xxi List of Acronyms xxv List of Figures xxxv List of Tables xxxix Part A Introduction 1 1 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 3 Dr Mohuya Chakraborty and Dr Debika Bhattacharyya 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Wireless Primer 4 1.2.1 Wireless Network Topologies 4 1.2.2 Wireless Technologies 4 1.2.3 Performance Parameters of Wireless Networks 5 1.2.4 WiFi and WiMAX 6 1.3 Introduction to WiMAX Technology 6 1.3.1 Operational Principles 7 1.3.2 WiMAX Speed and Range 8 1.3.3 Spectrum 9 1.3.4 Limitations 10 1.3.5 Need for WiMAX 10 1.4 Mobile WiMAX 10 1.4.1 Overview of Mobile WiMAX 10 1.4.2 Handover Process in Mobile WiMAX 11 1.4.3 LTE vs. Mobile WiMAX 12 1.5 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 12 1.6 Radio Interface Specifications for WiMAX 16 1.6.1 Overview 16 1.6.2 802.16e-2005 Technology 17 1.6.3 Applications 19 1.6.4 WiMAX Simulation Tools 19 1.7 Interoperability Issues in WiMAX 19 1.8 Summary 21 References 22 Part B Security 23 2 WiMAX Security Defined in 802.16 Standards 25 Slim Rekhis and Noureddine Boudriga 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Overview of 802.16 WMAN Networks 26 2.2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standards and Connectivity Modes 26 2.2.2 Network Architecture 28 2.2.3 Protocol Architecture 31 2.2.4 Network Entry Procedure 32 2.3 Security Requirements for Broadband Access in WMAN Networks 33 2.4 Security Mechanisms in Initial 802.16 Networks 35 2.4.1 Security Associations 35 2.4.2 Use of Certificates 37 2.4.3 PKM Protocol 38 2.4.4 PKM Authorization 38 2.4.5 Privacy and Key Management 41 2.4.6 Data Encryption 42 2.5 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in Initial Versions of 802.16 42 2.5.1 Physical-Level Based Attacks 43 2.5.2 Attacks on Authentication 44 2.5.3 Attacks on Key Management 45 2.5.4 Attacks on Privacy 47 2.5.5 Attacks on Availability 47 2.6 Security Amendments in Recent Versions if IEEE 802.16 48 2.6.1 Authorization, Mutual Authentication and Access Control 48 2.6.2 TEK Three-Way Handshake 50 2.6.3 Encryption and Key Hierarchy 51 2.6.4 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) 52 2.6.5 Security of Handover Schemes 53 2.7 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in 802.16e 54 2.7.1 Attacks on Authorization 54 2.7.2 Analysis of SA-TEK Three-Way Handshake 56 2.7.3 Vulnerability to Denial of Service Attacks 56 2.7.4 Broadcasting and Multicasting Related Weaknesses 58 2.7.5 Weaknesses in Handover Schemes 59 2.8 Further Reading 59 2.9 Summary 60 References 60 3 Key Management in 802.16e 63 Georgios Kambourakis and Stefanos Gritzalis 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Privacy Key Management Protocol 64 3.3 PKM Version 1 65 3.4 PKM Version 2 67 3.4.1 Security Negotiation 68 3.4.2 Authentication/Authorization 68 3.4.3 Key Derivation and Hierarchy 70 3.4.4 Three-Way Handshake 72 3.4.5 Key Delivery 74 3.5 Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures 75 3.5.1 Authorization 76 3.5.2 Key Derivation 76 3.5.3 Three-Way Handshake 77 3.5.4 Key Delivery 77 3.5.5 Attacks on Confidentiality 78 3.5.6 MBS Attacks 79 3.5.7 Mesh Mode Considerations 80 3.5.8 Handovers 81 3.6 Comparisons with 802.11/UMTS 81 3.7 Summary 84 References 85 4 WiMAX Network Security 87 Luca Adamo, Romano Fantacci and Leonardo Maccari 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 WiMAX Network Reference Model 88 4.2.1 Functional Entities 89 4.2.2 Logical Domains 90 4.2.3 Reference Points 90 4.2.4 ASN Profiles 91 4.3 The RADIUS Server 92 4.3.1 Authentication in WiMAX Infrastructure 93 4.4 WiMAX Networking Procedures and Security 95 4.4.1 Handover Procedure 95 4.4.2 DHCP 97 4.4.3 Security Issues 98 4.4.4 Mobile IP Protocol 99 4.4.5 PMIP 100 4.4.6 PMIP Security Considerations 101 4.4.7 CMIP 102 4.4.8 CMIP Security Considerations 103 4.4.9 QoS 104 4.4.10 A Complete Authentication Procedure 104 4.5 Further Reading 105 4.6 Summary 106 References 107 Part C Quality of Service 109 5 Cross-Layer End-to-End QoS Architecture: The Milestone of WiMAX 111 Floriano De Rango, Andrea Malfitano and Salvatore Marano 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 QoS Definitions 112 5.3 QoS Mechanisms Offered by IEEE 802.16 112 5.3.1 Cross-Layer QoS Architecture 113 5.3.2 MAC Layer Point of View 115 5.3.3 Offering QoS in PMP Mode 117 5.3.4 QoS Introduction in Mesh Mode 121 5.3.5 QoS Application on Packet by Packet Basis 123 5.3.6 PHY Layer Point of View 124 5.3.7 ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation 125 5.3.8 Mobility Support in IEEE 802.16 126 5.4 What is Missing in the WiMAX Features? 128 5.4.1 Absences in the MAC Layer 128 5.4.2 Scheduling Algorithm 129 5.4.3 Call Admission Control Algorithm 132 5.4.4 PHY Layer Improvements 133 5.4.5 QoS Based ACM Algorithm 133 5.5 Future Challenges 134 5.5.1 End-to-End QoS in the IP World 134 5.5.2 New Ways to Resolve the WiMAX QoS Problem: Two Interesting Examples 136 5.5.3 Game Theory in the WiMAX Scenario 136 5.5.4 Fuzzy Logic: What Idea to Guarantee QoS? 138 5.5.5 Designing Mobility Mesh WiMAX 140 5.5.6 How to Extend QoS Mechanisms 140 5.6 Summary 141 References 141 6 QoS in Mobile WiMAX 145 Neila Krichene and Noureddine Boudriga 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Architectural QoS Requirements 146 6.2.1 QoS-Related Challenges 146 6.2.2 Architectural Requirements 148 6.3 Mobile WiMAX Service Flows 149 6.3.1 Service Flows 150 6.3.2 Scheduling Services Supporting Service Flows 151 6.3.3 QoS Parameters 153 6.4 Admission Control 154 6.4.1 MAC Layer Connections 154 6.4.2 Bandwidth Request Procedures 156 6.4.3 Bandwidth Allocation Procedures 158 6.5 Scheduling Service 160 6.5.1 Scheduling Architecture in Mobile WiMAX 160 6.5.2 Packet Schedulers Overview 162 6.6 Maintaining QoS During Handover 165 6.6.1 WiMAX Handover Schemes 165 6.6.2 Optimizing Handover to Maintain the Required QoS 168 6.7 Enhancing WiMAX QoS Issues: Research Work 170 6.7.1 New QoS Mechanisms 171 6.7.2 The WEIRD Project 171 6.7.3 WiFi and WiMAX QoS Integration 173 6.8 Further Reading 175 6.9 Summary 176 References 176 7 Mobility Management in WiMAX Networks 179 Ikbal Chammakhi Msadaa, Daniel C amara and Fethi Filali 7.1 Mobile WiMAX Architecture 180 7.2 Horizontal Handover in 802.16e 183 7.2.1 Network Topology Acquisition 183 7.2.2 Handover Process 186 7.2.3 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 187 Discussion 188 7.3 Optimized 802.16e Handover Schemes 188 7.3.1 L2 Handover Schemes 190 7.3.2 L2-L3 Cross-Layer Handover Schemes 190 7.3.3 Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers Over IEEE 802.16e Networks 191 Discussion 195 7.4 Vertical Handover 195 7.4.1 Vertical Handover Mechanisms Involving 802.16e Networks 196 7.4.2 IEEE 802.21, Media-Independent Handover Services 197 Discussion 200 7.5 Roaming 200 7.5.1 WiMAX Roaming Interface 203 7.5.2 The Roaming Process 203 7.6 Mobility Management in WiMESH Networks 204 7.7 Conclusion 207 7.8 Summary 207 References 208 Part D Advanced Topics 211 8 QoS Challenges in the Handover Process 213 Marina Aguado, Eduardo Jacob, Marion Berbineau and Ivan Lledo Samper 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Handover in WiMAX 214 8.3 The IEEE802.16 Handover Process 215 8.3.1 The Network Entry Procedure 215 8.3.2 Network Topology Advertising and Acquisition 218 8.3.3 The Association Procedure 220 8.3.4 Handover Stages in the IEEE 802.16 Standard 221 8.3.5 Handover Execution Methods 225 8.4 The Media Independent Handover Initiative IEEE 802.21 227 8.4.1 MIH Interactions with Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 229 8.4.2 MIH Scope and Limitations 229 8.5 Enhancing the Handover Process 230 8.5.1 Fast Ranging Mechanism 230 8.5.2 Seamless Handover Mechanism 231 8.5.3 Initiatives in the Cell Reselection Stage 232 8.5.4 Initiatives in the Execution Stage 232 8.6 Handover Scheduling 233 8.7 Handover Performance Analysis 234 8.8 Summary 238 References 238 9 Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX Networks 241 Tara Ali Yahiya 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Background on IEEE 802.16e 242 9.2.1 The Medium Access Control Layer MAC 242 9.2.2 The Physical Layer PHY 243 9.3 System Model 248 9.4 OFDMA Key Principles Analysis and Performance Characterizations 249 9.4.1 Multiuser Diversity 249 9.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding Burst Profiles 250 9.4.3 Capacity Analysis Time and Frequency Domain 250 9.4.4 Mapping Messages 252 9.5 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX 252 9.6 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) The Proposed Solution 253 9.6.1 System Model 253 9.6.2 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) Framework 255 9.7 Summary and Conclusion 257 References 258 10 QoS Issues and Challenges in WiMAX and WiMAX MMR Networks 261 Kiran Kumari, Srinath Narasimha and Krishna M. Sivalingam 10.1 Introduction 261 10.1.1 Motivation 262 10.2 Multimedia Traffic 263 10.2.1 Voice Codecs 264 10.2.2 Video Codecs 265 10.2.3 QoS Specifications 267 10.2.4 QoS Effectiveness Measures 268 10.3 Multimedia: WiFi versus WiMAX 269 10.3.1 Limitations of Wireless LAN Technologies 269 10.3.2 WiMAX MAC Layer 270 10.3.3 QoS Architecture for WiMAX 272 10.4 QoS Scheduling in WiMAX Networks 273 10.4.1 Max-Min Weighted Fair Allocation 274 10.4.2 Deficit Fair Priority Queue 274 10.4.3 Weighted Fair Queuing 275 10.4.4 Weighted Fair Priority Queuing 275 10.5 Voice Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 276 10.5.1 Lee s Algorithm 276 10.5.2 UGS with Activity Detection Scheduling (UGS-AD) 277 10.5.3 Extended-rtPS Scheduling 277 10.5.4 Multi-Tap Scheduling 278 10.6 Video Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 279 10.6.1 Opportunistic Scheduling 279 10.6.2 Opportunistic DRR 281 10.6.3 Summary 282 10.7 Introduction to WiMAX MMR Networks 282 10.7.1 How WiMAX MMR Networks Work 284 10.7.2 Performance Impact 286 10.7.3 Radio Resource Management Strategies 287 10.8 Scheduling in WiMAX MMR Networks 288 10.8.1 Objectives of Scheduling 288 10.8.2 Constraints on Scheduling 289 10.8.3 Diversity Gains 290 10.9 Basic Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 290 10.9.1 Round Robin Scheduling 290 10.9.2 Max-SINR Scheduling 291 10.9.3 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 291 10.9.4 Proportional Fair Scheduling 292 10.9.5 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 292 10.9.6 Performance Comparison 293 10.9.7 The PFMR Scheduling Algorithm 293 10.10 Scheduling Algorithms for WiMAX MMR Networks 294 10.10.1 The Scheduling Problem 294 10.10.2 The GenArgMax Scheduling Algorithm 295 10.10.3 The TreeTraversingScheduler Algorithm 297 10.10.4 The FastHeuristic16j Scheduling Algorithm 299 10.10.5 Improved Hop-Specific Scheduling Algorithms 300 10.10.6 Performance Evaluation 302 10.11 Further Reading 304 10.12 Summary 305 References 305 11 On the Integration of WiFi and WiMAX Networks 309 Tara Ali Yahiya and Hakima Chaouchi 11.1 Introduction 309 11.2 General Design Principles of the Interworking Architecture 310 11.2.1 Functional Decomposition 310 11.2.2 Deployment Modularity and Flexibility 310 11.2.3 Support for Variety of Usage Models 311 11.2.4 Extensive use of IETF Protocols 311 11.3 WiFi/Mobile WiMAX Interworking Architecture 311 11.4 Network Discovery and Selection 313 11.5 Authentication and Security Architecture 314 11.5.1 General Network Access Control Architecture 314 11.5.2 EAP and PANA 316 11.5.3 RADIUS and Diameter 317 11.6 Security in WiFi and WiMAX Networks 318 11.6.1 Security in WiFi 318 11.6.2 Security in WiMAX 319 11.6.3 Security Consideration in WiFi-WiMAX 320 11.6.4 WiFi-WiMAX Interworking Scenarios 321 11.7 Mobility Management 324 11.7.1 Handover Support 325 11.7.2 Cell Selection 325 11.7.3 IP for Mobility Management 326 11.7.4 Session Initiation Protocol for Mobility Management 326 11.7.5 Identity Based Mobility 328 11.8 Quality of Service Architecture 330 11.8.1 End-to-End QoS Interworking Framework 330 11.8.2 QoS Considerations 332 11.9 Summary 335 References 335 12 QoS Simulation and An Enhanced Solution of Cell Selection for WiMAX Network 337 Xinbing Wang, Shen Gu, Yuan Wu and Jiajing Wang 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 WiMAX Simulation Tools Overview 338 12.2.1 NS2 338 12.2.2 OPNet Modeler 338 12.2.3 QualNet 339 12.3 QoS Simulation of WiMAX Network 339 12.3.1 Performance Comparison Between Different Services 339 12.3.2 Mobility Support 344 12.4 Analysis of QoS Simulation Results 353 12.4.1 Fixed SSs 353 12.4.2 Mobile SSs with Same Speed 356 12.4.3 Mobile SSs with Varying Speed 356 12.5 Enhancement A New Solution of Cell Selection 356 12.5.1 System Model 356 12.5.2 Simulation Result 360 12.6 Summary 363 References 363 Appendix List of Standards 365 Index 371