Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2006 (eBook)

Preface 5
Table of Contents 10
Market 16
Prospects for MST Sensors in Automotive Applications 18
1 Introduction 18
2 MST Sensor Applications 19
3 MST Sensor Markets 21
4 Conclusion 27
5 Acknowledgements 27
Future Architecture for Inertial Sensors in Cars 28
1 Automotive Gyros are likely to generate 600M$ Value in 2010 28
2 Accelerometers for Automotive Applications: a 320M$ Industry in 2010 30
3 A Path through the Automotive Inertial Measurement Unit? 32
4 Conclusions 34
Safety 36
Three-Dimensional CMOS Image Sensor for Pedestrian Protection and Collision Mitigation 38
1 Introduction 38
2 3D Sensor Technology 39
3 Road Safety Applications 44
4 Car Evaluation Results 47
5 Outlook 53
6 Acknowledgements 53
EVENT-ONLINE – A Service Concept for large scale Events based on FCD Technology 56
Advanced Pressure Sensors with high Flexibility for Side Crash Detection 60
1 Introduction 60
2 Side Impact Tests 61
3 Operational Principle 62
4 Special Pressure Sensors for Side Crash Detection 63
Detection of Road Users in Fused Sensor Data Streams for Collision Mitigation 68
1 Introduction 68
2 Sensor Configuration 69
3 Collision Mitigation Application 71
4 Perception System 71
5 Conclusion 78
6 Further Work 79
7 Acknowledgement 79
Dynamic Pass Prediction – A New Driver Assistance System for Superior and Safe Overtaking 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Map Database 84
3 Electronic Horizon and Most-Probable-Path 85
4 DPP Driving Dynamics 86
5 HMI, Visualization and Results from real Test Drives 89
6 Conclusion 91
Requirement Engineering for Active Safety Pedestrian Protection Systems based on Accident Research 94
1 Introduction 94
1 Accident Research 95
2 Assessment of Pedestrian Compatibility with VERPS+ 101
3 Collision Speed Reduction of Different Brake Assist Strategies 110
4 Deriving Sensor Specification from Accident Data 116
5 Summary 119
Biologically Inspired Multi-Sensor Fusion for Adaptive Camera Stabilization in Driver-Assistance Systems 122
1 Introduction 122
2 Biological Analogy 123
3 General System Description 123
4 Experimental Evaluation under Laboratory Conditions 131
5 Verification in Road Trials 133
7 Conclusions 135
Low Speed Collision Avoidance System 138
1 Introduction 138
2 The Measurement System 138
3 Low Speed Collision Avoidance Application 139
4 Typical Traffic Scenes 141
5 Conclusion and Outlook 143
Laserscanner for Multiple Applications in Passenger Cars and Trucks 144
1 Introduction 144
2 ADAS Applications Overview 145
3 Environmental Robustness of the Laserscanner System 146
4 Vehicle Integration 147
5 Applications 148
6. Conclusion 155
A new Approach for Obstacle Detection Based on Dynamic Vehicle Behaviour 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Scope and Objectives 159
3 Related Work and Contribution 160
4 Obstacle Detection 161
5 Prototype 167
6 Evaluation 167
7 Conclusion 168
Far Infrared Detection Algorithms for Vulnerable Road Users Protection 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Scope and Practical Context 171
3 General Properties of Detection-by-Learning Schemes 174
4 Boosting Techniques 176
5 Support Vector Machines 181
6 Conclusion 182
iBolt Technology – A Weight Sensing System for Advanced Passenger Safety 186
1 Introduction 186
2 System Design 187
3 Working Principle 189
4 Influences of Lateral Forces and Moments 192
5 Seat Integration and Performance 194
6 Summary and Outlook 200
Object Classification exploiting High Level Maps of Intersections 202
1 Introduction 202
2 Sensor Configuration 203
3 Preprocessing and Tracking 204
4 Precise Ego-Localization using Precise Digital Maps 208
5 System Evaluation 215
6 Conclusions 217
Performance of a Time-of-Flight Range Camera for Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications 220
1 Introduction 220
2 Safety Applications and Sensor Requirements 221
3 Principles of Operation 226
4 Performance Characterization 229
5 Conclusions 233
Powertrain 236
Coordinated Cylinder Pressure Based Control for Reducing Diesel Emissions Dispersion 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Engine Application 240
3 Sensor Feasibility Study 240
4 Control Strategy Development 243
5 Control Strategy Implementation and Testing 247
6 Test Results 249
7 Conclusions 252
A High Temperature Floating Gate MOSFET Driver for on the Engine Injector Control 254
1 Introduction 254
2 System Overview 254
3 System Measurement 257
4 Conclusion 259
Comfort and HMI 262
Distributed Pressure Sensor Based on Electroactive Materials for Automotive Application 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Sensor Construction: Experimental 267
3 Results and Discussion 268
4 Conclusion 273
5 Acknowledgements 273
Intelligent Infrared Comfort Sensors for the Automotive Environment 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Automotive Comfort Sensing Application with Infrared Thermometers 277
3 Automotive Comfort Sensing Requirements on Infrared Sensors 279
4 Automotive Comfort Sensing Solutions 279
5 Possibilities of Infrared Arrays in Automotive Comfort Sensing 285
6 Practical Aspects of Automotive Comfort Sensing 285
7 Safety Applications 289
8 Conclusion 294
Gesture Recognition Using Novel Efficient and Robust 3D Image Processing 296
1 Introduction 296
2 The Proposed Gesture Recognition System 298
3 Experiments 305
4 Conclusions 306
Network of Excellence HUMANIST - Human Centred Design for Information Society Technologies INRETS & ERT
1 Introduction 310
2 Context 311
3 Joint Research Activities 312
4 Integration 315
Networked Vehicle 320
High Speed 1Gbit/s Video Transmission with Fiber Optic Technology 322
1 Introduction 323
2 Fiber Optic Transceivers 325
3 Transmission Performance 329
4 Optical Video Link 331
5 Conclusion 332
Components and Generic Sensor Technologies 336
Integrated Giant Magneto Resistors – a new Sensor Technology for Automotive Applications 338
1 Introduction 338
2 The GMR Effect 339
3 GMR Spin Valve System for Sensor Application 341
4. Technology 346
5 Incremental Position Sensors 349
6 Angular Sensors 352
7 Conclusion 356
Simulating Microsystems in the Context of an Automotive Drive Application 358
1 Introduction 358
2 System Modeling 359
3 Simulation Results and Conclusion 365
Miniaturized Wireless Sensors for Automotive Applications 368
1 Introduction 368
2 Requirements 369
3 Selecting Components 371
4 Integration Technology Selection 376
5 Prototypes 380
6 Conclusion and Future Work 381
7 Acknowledgements 381
3D-MID – Multifunctional Packages for Sensors in Automotive Applications 384
1 MID Technology Overview 384
2 Advantages of MID Technology for Automotive Applications 384
3 Examples of MID Sensor Packages in Automotive Applications 387
4 Qualification Status 389
PReVENT 392
Towards the Automotive HMI of the Future: Mid-Term Results of the AIDE Project 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Project Structure 397
3 Review of Mid-Term Results 398
4 Discussion: Towards the Future Automotive HMI 414
Accidentology as a Basis for Requirements and System Architecture of Preventive Safety Applications 422
1 Introduction and Background 422
2 From Accident Scenarios to Requirements 424
From Requirements to System Architectures for Preventive Safety Functions 427
4 Towards an Integrated Preventive Safety 434
5 Conclusions and Discussion 437
ADAS Horizon – How Digital Maps can contribute to Road Safety 442
1 Introduction 442
2 Functional Architecture 444
3 Functional Structure on Application Side of ADAS-Interface 445
4 First Test Results 450
Intersection Safety – the EC Project INTERSAFE 452
1 Introduction 453
2 Object Detection, Tracking and Classification 454
3 Localisation of the Host Vehicle 456
4 Functionality in the Test Vehicle 458
5 Scenario Interpretation 458
6 Risk Assessment 460
7 Warning/HMI 461
8 Conclusions 462
9 Acknowledgement 463
ProFusion2 – towards a Modular, Robust and Reliable Fusion Architecture for Automotive Environment Perception 466
1 Introduction 466
2 The Fusion Architecture 467
3 Conclusion 482
4 Acknowledgement 482
Integrating Lateral and Longitudinal Active and Preventive Safety Functions 486
1 Introduction 486
2 INSAFES System Design Layers 488
3 PReVENT Functions as a Starting Point of INSAFES 489
4 INSAFES Functions 491
5 Conclusions 498
Lane Detection for a Situation Adaptive Lane keeping Support System, the SAFELANE System 500
1 Introduction 500
2 System Components 501
3 System Requirements and Specification 501
4 Main Lane Recognition 502
5 Neighbour Lane Recognition 510
6 Lane Marking Classification 511
7 Object Mask Generation 513
8 Use of Digital Map Data 514
9 Conclusions 514
10 Acknowledgements 515
Appendix A List of Contributors 517
Appendix B List of Keywords 524

3 Review of Mid-Term Results (p. 383-384)

After about 2 years of work, the project is in the middle of its most intense development and experimental phase. The present chapter provides an overview of the results achieved to date. Naturally, due to the limited space, only general descriptions can be provided here. However, references are provided to sources where more detailed information can be obtained, in particular the AIDE deliverables most of which are available on www.aide-eu.org (where also summaries of the confidential deliverables can be found).

3.1 Sub Project 1: Behavioural Effects of Driving Support Systems and Driver- Vehicle-Environment Modelling
The main goal of SP1 is to develop a detailed understanding about the mechanisms that govern the interaction between the driver, the vehicle (in particular with IVIS and ADAS) and the environment, to be embodied in testable models as well as a computer simulations. The model development is supported by empirical studies on behavioural effects of different types of support systems. Below, the main results to achieved so far are reviewed.

3.1.1 Driver-Vehicle-Environment Modeling and Simulation

The main expected result from this activity is a testable model of the DVE, implemented in a computer simulation, which can be used to investigate potential behavioural effects early in the design process. The results of this work is also an important input to the DVE monitoring module development in SP3 (see section 3.3.6). The development of the AIDE DVE model is an iterative, incremental procedure which is based on data collected in the AIDE empirical studies on behavioural effects of driver support systems (see next section) as well existing results in the literature. The basic requirements on the model and a preliminary model structure were outlined in Cacciabue et al., [3].

The modelling is based on the general SHELL architecture [4], which is a suitable framework for representing interactions between humans and other elements in the working environment such as support systems and other humans. A major focus so far has been on the identification of the key parameters of the model. At the current stage of development, the following parameters have been identified: (1) Attitudes/personality, (2) experience/competence, (3) task demand, (4) driver state, (5) situation awareness and (6) driver intention/goals. For each parameter, the correlation to measurable variables and other parameters are investigated. The results are documented in Cacciabue et al. [5]. (It could be noted that these parameters correspond roughly to the output vector of the DVE monitoring modules developed in SP3 – see below)

Moreover, a first high-level specification of the simulation software architecture has been developed. The DVE simulation architecture is intended as a generic tool where different types of driver, environment and vehicle models could be implemented and tested. For a further description of the initial DVE simulation specification, see Carusi [6].