Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 11
Contributors 12
List of Editors 12
List of Contributors 13
Chapter 2 13
Chapter 3 13
Chapter 4 14
Chapter 5 14
Chapter 6 14
The Research Agenda of the COST 290 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Scientific Program 17
1.2.1 Traffic Engineering Issues 18
1.2.2 QoS Provisioning for Multimedia Traffic in Wireless Environment 19
1.2.3 Network Planning and Dimensioning 20
1.2.4 Service Aspects 21
1.3 Organization of the Research Agenda 22
1.4 Conclusions 26
Packet Scheduling and Congestion Control 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Service Differentiation 29
2.2.1 Scheduling for Service Differentiation 29
2.2.1.1 Scheduling in Wireline Networks 30
2.2.1.2 Scheduling in Wireless Networks 31
2.2.2 Service Differentiation for Noncongestive Applications 34
2.2.2.1 Noncongestive Queuing 34
2.2.2.2 Performance Evaluation 35
2.2.3 QoS for Voice Communications Over WLANs 36
2.2.3.1 B-EDCA: A New IEEE 802.11e-Based QoS Mechanism 37
2.2.3.2 Performance Evaluation 39
2.3 Radio Resource Management Aspects 40
2.3.1 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Code Allocation Strategy Using Genetic Algorithms 41
2.3.2 Novel Buffer Management Scheme for Multimedia Traffic in HSDPA 42
2.3.3 Power Control for Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services 43
2.3.3.1 Switching Between Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Channels 44
2.3.3.2 Using Only Point-to-Multipoint Channels 45
2.3.3.3 Call Admission Control in UMTS 46
2.3.4 Interference Coordination in OFDMA-Based Networks 48
2.3.5 Controlled Contention-Based Access to the Medium in Ad Hoc WLANs 49
2.3.6 Multiservice Communications Over TDMA/TDD Wireless LANs 51
2.3.6.1 Performance Evaluation 52
2.4 Congestion and Flow Control 54
2.4.1 Assessing the Impact of Skype VoIP Flows on the Stability of the Internet 55
2.4.1.1 Investigating Skype Flows Behavior Under Time-Variable Bandwidths 56
2.4.1.2 Skype and Fairness in the Presence of Concurrent TCP Flows 57
2.4.2 Evaluation of Quick-Start TCP 58
2.4.2.1 The Quick-Start TCP Extension 58
2.4.2.2 Performance Improvement of Quick-Start TCP 59
2.4.3 Open Box transport Protocol 60
2.4.4 Adaptive Congestion Control Protocol, ACP 62
2.4.4.1 The Packet Header 63
2.4.4.2 The ACP Sender 63
2.4.4.3 The ACP Router 64
2.4.4.4 Performance Evaluation 65
2.4.5 Fuzzy Explicit Marking, FEM 66
2.4.5.1 Fuzzy Explicit Marking Control System 66
2.4.5.2 Performance Evaluation 68
2.5 Transport Protocols Over Wireless Networks 69
2.5.1 Wireless Systems 69
2.5.1.1 Transport Protocol Interaction with EDCA 70
2.5.1.2 Transport Protocol Interaction with HCCA 73
2.5.2 GEO Satellite Systems 76
2.5.2.1 TCP Performance and Media Delivery Over Asymmetric Satellite Links 76
2.6 Cross-Layer Approach 79
2.6.1 Cross-Layer Performance Control of Wireless Channels 80
2.6.2 Cross-Layer Over Wired-Wireless Networks for End-to-End QoS 82
2.6.3 Network-Centric Methods to Improve Video Streaming QoS 84
2.6.4 Application of Cross-Layer Cooperation to Current Technologies 85
2.6.4.1 VoIP Over Multirate WLANs 85
2.6.4.2 H.264 Video Streaming Through DiffServ IP Networks to WLANs 86
2.6.4.3 UMTS/HSDPA Queue Management for Video Transmission 89
2.6.4.4 GEO Satellite HSDPA Packet Scheduling 91
2.7 Conclusions 93
References 93
The COST 290 documents can be downloaded from the link www.cost290.org. The COST 290 documents referenced in this chapter are listed below: 100
Performance Evaluation and Traffic Modeling 102
3.1 Introduction 102
3.2 Traffic Modeling 103
3.2.1 System and Flow-Level Modeling 104
3.2.1.1 UMTS Evolution 104
Downlink Capacity of Release 99 UMTS Networks 105
High Speed Packet Downlink Access 105
The Impact of Key System and Traffic Aspects 107
Abstraction Model for the HSDPA MAC and Physical Layer 109
Enhanced Uplink 112
3.2.1.2 Transmit Diversity in Multiaccess Networks 113
3.2.1.3 Multihop Networks 115
3.2.1.4 Performance Analysis of Service Architectures in Mobile Networks 116
3.2.2 Packet-Level Models 117
3.2.2.1 Modeling of the Frame Transmission Process Over Wireless Channels 117
3.2.2.2 Modeling the IP Packet Delay in UMTS Networks 120
3.2.2.3 Enhanced Queuing Models for Wireless Networks 123
3.3 Performance Evaluation Based on Simulations and Measurements 124
3.3.1 Protocol Simulator for Large-Scale E-UMTS Networks 125
3.3.1.1 Coverage and Capacity Planning Methodology 126
3.3.1.2 Teletraffic Simulation for Mobile Communication Systems Beyond 3G 129
3.3.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding for HAP Communications 130
3.3.3 HSDPA Performance Based on Measurements 133
3.3.4 QoS Monitoring Tools 137
3.4 User-Perceived Quality of Service 138
3.4.1 User-Perceived Quality, Assessment, and Critical Impact 139
3.4.2 Video Quality Estimation for Mobile H.264/AVC Video Streaming 141
3.4.2.1 Experimental MOS Score for UMTS Video Streaming 142
3.4.2.2 User-Level Video Quality Estimation 143
3.4.3 User-Perceived-Quality-Based Resource Control 144
3.4.3.1 Adaptive Video Transmission Over the Wireless Internet 144
User-Perceived-QoS-Based Admission Control 146
3.4.4 Evaluation of the Coding Scheme Impact on IP-QoS Network Utilization and Voice Quality 149
3.5 Coverage Planning for Fixed BWA Networks 150
3.5.1 Coverage Planning for the 450-MHz Band 151
3.5.2 A WiMAX Deployment Example 153
3.5.2.1 The Planning Process 153
3.5.2.2 Practical Experience with WiMAX Deployment 155
References 157
Mobility Support 164
4.1 Introduction 164
4.2 Mobility Characterization 165
4.2.1 Random Direction Mobility Models 167
4.2.1.1 Measures of Mobility 167
4.2.1.2 Modeling Approaches 168
4.2.1.3 Model Creation and Model Selection 171
4.2.1.4 State of the Art in Mobility Modeling 171
4.2.1.5 Conclusions on Mobility Characterization 173
4.2.2 Impact of Mobility on Performance of Cellular Networks 173
4.3 Handover in Heterogeneous Networks 176
4.3.1 Mobility Support of Multiuser Services in Heterogeneous Networks 177
4.3.2 Mobility Enabler for Multimedia Services 180
4.3.2.1 Motivation 180
4.3.2.2 Mobility and Quality Enabler 180
4.3.2.3 Testbed Implementation, Experimentation, and Evaluation 181
4.4 QoS in Wireless Communications Systems 182
4.4.1 Resource Management and QoS Control in Emergency Situations 184
4.4.1.1 Related Work 185
4.4.1.2 Resource Reservation and Call Admission Control 185
4.4.1.3 Conclusion 187
4.4.2 Performance Evaluation of VoIP HSDPA 188
4.4.3 Impact of Mobility on Next-Generation OFDMA Cellular Systems 190
4.4.4 Estimating Individual QoS 193
4.5 IP Mobility Protocols in Wireless Networks 196
4.5.1 Handovers and Mobility Protocols 197
4.5.1.1 Handover Latency Performance Characterization and Optimizations for Mobile IPv6 198
4.5.1.2 Improving Mobility Anchor Point Selection Efficiency by Predicting Future Movement of Mobile Nodes 199
4.5.1.3 Mobility in Virtual Circuit (VC)-Based Radio Access Networks 200
4.5.2 IPv4/IPv6-Based Multicast 201
4.5.3 Mobile Multicast Protocols 203
4.5.3.1 Overview of SReM 203
4.5.3.2 MoSReM 203
4.5.4 Seamless Handover Using Broadcast Networks 204
4.5.4.1 Enhancement of IETF IP Tunneling Mechanisms (RFC 3077) to Support Seamless Handover to Unidirectional Broadcast Networks 204
4.5.4.2 IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover for Applications Using Unidirectional Broadcast 206
4.6 Conclusions 207
References 208
Multihop Wireless Networks 214
5.1 Introduction 214
5.2 Packet Relaying in Multihop Networks 215
5.2.1 Performance Modeling and Analysis of a Relay Node in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 216
5.2.1.1 Ad Hoc Network Scenario 217
5.2.1.2 Fluid Model Description 217
5.2.1.3 Analysis of Fluid Model with Equal Resource-Sharing 218
5.2.1.4 Numerical Results 219
5.2.2 Packet Aggregation for VoIP in Wireless Meshed Networks 220
5.2.2.1 Link Quality-Based Adaptive Packet Aggregation 221
5.2.2.2 Implementation and Results Obtained 222
5.3 Routing Protocols 222
5.3.1 Performance Comparison of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols 223
5.3.2 Stateless Broadcasting 226
5.3.3 Multipath Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks 229
5.3.4 Multicast Routing 231
5.3.4.1 QAMNet 232
5.3.4.2 ROVER 234
5.3.4.3 An Intelligent Route Guidance System 235
5.4 Transport Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks 236
5.4.1 Performance Comparison of Different TCP Flavors 238
5.4.2 Reliable TCP Delivery 241
5.4.3 Adaptive TCP Acknowledgment 243
5.5 Management and Channel Assignment in Wireless Mesh Networks 247
5.5.1 Design, Management, and Monitoring of an Experimental Metropolitan Mesh Network 248
5.5.2 Cellular-Assisted Management 251
5.5.3 Self-Management 253
5.5.4 Channel Assignment 255
5.5.4.1 Determining Precomputed Flow Rates 256
5.5.4.2 Channel Assignment Algorithm 257
5.5.4.3 Adjusting Precomputed Flow Rates 259
5.6 Power Saving in Wireless Multihop Networks 260
5.6.1 Unsynchronized Power Saving in Wireless Multihop and Sensor Networks 260
5.6.2 On Sensor Network Energy Consumption Modeling 262
5.7 Context and Service Discovery 265
5.7.1 Service Discovery Using Attenuated Bloom Filters 265
5.7.1.1 Protocol Description 266
5.7.1.2 Protocol Analysis and Validation 267
5.7.2 Alternative Discovery Mechanisms 269
References 271
Services, Optimization, and Economic Aspects 279
6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 Services and Deployment Scenarios 280
6.2.1 Contract Formation for Commercial Value-Added Services 280
6.2.2 WiFi Services in Future 4G Networks 282
6.2.3 Enhanced UMTS Services 285
6.2.3.1 Topologies and Mobility 286
6.2.3.2 Office (OFF) Scenario 287
6.2.3.3 Urban/Vehicular (URB/VEH) Scenario 287
6.2.3.4 Business City Center (BCC) Scenario 288
6.2.4 Consumer-Oriented Incoming Call Connection Service for Future Ubiquitous Consumer Wireless World 288
6.2.4.1 Benefits of Using the Consumer-Oriented ICC Service 289
6.2.5 Mobile Grid Services 290
6.2.6 High-Altitude Aerial Platforms for Providing Broadband Wireless Access 292
6.3 Business Models Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
6.3.1 Consumer-Centric Business Model for Future Wireless Communications 295
6.3.2 Business Models for WiFi Public Networks 297
6.3.3 Charging and Accounting for Mobile Grid Services 300
6.3.3.1 Accounting and Charging in IP and Grid Networks 300
6.3.3.2 A4C for Mobile Grids 300
6.3.3.3 A4C Session Model 302
6.3.3.4 Conclusions 302
6.3.4 Cooperation and Accounting for Multihop Wireless Networks 302
6.4 Optimization Based on User/Application Requirements and Cost/Revenue Aspects 305
6.4.1 Cost/Revenue Analysis of E-UMTS Services 305
6.4.2 Utility-Based Optimization of Wireless Networks 309
6.4.2.1 Throughput Model for IEEE 802.11e 309
6.4.2.2 Applications 311
6.4.2.3 Conclusions 311
References 312
Index 316