Asphaltenes and Asphalts, 2 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Asphaltenes and Asphalts, 2 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 14
Preface 8
List of Contributors 10
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO ASPHALTENES AND SPHALTS, VOLUME 2 24
References 27
Chapter 2. THE REALMS AND DEFINITIONS OF ASPHALTENES 30
Historical review of bitumen, asphalt and asphaltene 30
Natural and artificial asphalts and allied substances 34
A simple scientific definition of asphaltene 38
Generality versus uniqueness — a case study 43
A continuum theory of carbonaceous systems 46
Acknowledgements 50
References 50
Chapter 3. UNDERSTANDING METALS IN FOSSIL FUELS: A PERSPECTIVE OF CONTRIBUTIONS 52
Introduction 52
Research summaries 52
Conclusions 77
Acknowledgements 78
References 78
Chapter 4. MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF ASPHALTENE STRUCTURE, REACTIVITY AND REACTION PATHWAYS 82
Introduction 82
Modeling asphaltene structure 84
Characterization and development of probability distribution functions 86
Computational implementation: sampling probability distribution functions 90
Modeling the thermal reactivity of asphaltene 96
Monte Carlo simulation of asphaltene reaction 99
Application of the variable-time step monte carlo simulation to asphaltene pyrolysis 104
Monte Carlo simulation of asphaltene structure, reactivity, and reaction: results 105
Global reaction products 118
Conclusions 122
Acknowledgements 124
References 124
Chapter 5. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTENES: A PREDICTIVE APPROACH BASED ON COMPUTER ASSISTED STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION AND ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS 126
Introduction 126
Computer assisted structure elucidation of petroleum geomacromolecules 128
Estimation of thermodynamic properties of condensed phase systems from atomistic simulations 131
Computer assisted stucture elucidation of arab berri asphaltenes 134
Volumetric and thermal properties of arab berri asphaltenes from molecular dynamic simulations 141
Summary and conclusions 146
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
Chapter 6. KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF ASPHALTENE CRACKING DURING PETROLEUM RECOVERY AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS 152
Introduction 152
Kinetics 153
Asphaltene 154
Model component studies 164
In situ combustion 167
Conclusions 169
References 169
Chapter 7. ASPHALTENE HYDROCONVERSION 172
Introduction 172
Asphaltene hydroconversion processes 173
Catalysts 186
Asphaltene reactivity 190
Conclusions 192
References 192
Chapter 8. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE BITUMEN STRUCTURE AND THE ROLE OF ASPHALTENES (BASED ON RHEOLOGICAL METHOD) 196
Introduction 196
Theoretical premises–concepts 196
Experimental confirmation of theoretical concepts 202
Gluing ability of binders – influence of asphaltene properties and asphaltene complexes on the strength of asphalt concretes 244
Acknowledgements 249
References 249
Chapter 9. ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES AND ASPHALTENES 252
Introduction 252
Basic principles 253
ESR parameters 254
Free radical concept of bituminous substances 258
Correlation of ESR parameters 262
Heat treatment and ESR characteristics 282
ESR of refinery and processed products 288
Conclusions 295
List of symbols 298
Acknowledgements 299
References 299
Chapter 10. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESIDUES OF CHINESE CRUDE OILS 304
Introduction 304
Experimental results 304
Method of calculation of structural parameters 308
Results and discussion 311
Average structural parameters of vacuum residues and their fractions 314
Distribution of nitrogen, nickel and carbon residue of vacuum residues 322
Conclusions 326
Acknowledgements 326
References 326
Chapter 11. ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT AND ITS COMPONENTS BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 328
Introduction 328
Thin-layer chromatography in asphalt analysis 329
Quantitative aspects of TLC developed 338
Conclusion 339
References 339
Chapter 12. PRECIPITATION OF ASPHALTENES IN HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS 342
Introduction 342
Mechanisms 343
Discussion 352
Summary and conclusions 354
References 355
Chapter 13. CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALTENIC DEPOSITS FROM OIL PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS 358
Introduction 358
Deposit characterization and Classification 361
SARA fractions characterization. Identification of possible causes for crude oil instability 363
Preliminary insights into the composition of insoluble organic materials 370
Deposits characterization as a guideline for cleaning operations 379
Conclusions 381
Acknowledgements 381
References 382
Chapter 14. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASPHALT AS RELATED TO ASPHALT DURABILITY 386
Introduction 386
Preliminary consideration of factors affecting asphalt durability 387
Chemical composition of asphalt 387
Interactions among asphalt component fractions and relationships with durability 394
Changes in chemical comosition on aging 396
Molecular interactions – a fundamental approach to chemical factors affecting asphalt durability 401
Summary and concluding concepts 416
Acknowledgements 418
References 418
Chapter 15. BITUMEN ASSOCIATED WITH PETROLEUM FORMATION, EVOLUTION AND ALTERATION — REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES IN CHINA 424
Introduction 424
Genetic types of bitumen and their distribution 424
Occurrence, classification and nomenclature of bitumens during petroleum evolution processes 427
Biological markers in bitumens 441
Case studies 447
References 465
Chapter 16. ASPHALT OXIDATION 468
Introduction 468
Asphalt, resins and asphaltenes 468
Main features of oxidation of organic substances 474
Oxidation of asphalts and asphalts constituents 482
Conclusions 493
References 494
Chapter 17. A KINETIC APPROACH TO THE AGING OF BITUMENS 498
Introduction 498
The aging of a bituminous binder in service 499
Kinetic development 499
Experimental approach 508
Discussion of a few results reported in the literaure 516
Laboratory/ field comparison 517
Conclusions 518
References 520
Chapter 18. OIL SHALES IN ASPHALT MIXES 522
Introduction 522
Oil shales as filler 523
Investigations of oil shale fillers 528
Properties required of oil shale fillers 528
Granulometric composition of the oil shale filler 529
Investigations of oil shale filler related to the spatial designing of asphaltic mixtures 530
Spatial design of asphaltic mixtures with oil shale filler 531
Potential use of oil shale as a filler in special asphaltic mixtures and bituminous aggregates 534
References 535
Chapter 19. SULPHUR-MODIFIED ASPHALTS 538
Introduction 538
Sulphur–asphalt interaction 538
Preparation of sulphur–asphalt mixtures 543
Technological processes 544
Effect of sulphur upon the properties of asphalt 546
Environmental and safety aspects 551
Applications 553
Economic aspects 554
References 556
Chapter 20. PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF ASPHALTS IN CHINA 560
Introduction 560
Development of chemical composition research 563
Investigation of asphalt aging 569
Advances in manufacture of asphalts 573
References 579
Chapter 21. WAX PRECIPITATION FROM PETROLEUM FLUIDS: A REVIEW 580
Introduction 580
Characterization and properties of wax components in petroleum fluids 581
Experimental methods for wax precipitation from petroleum fluids 592
Review of methods to model wax precipitation in petroleum fluids 608
References 628
Subject Index 632