Modern Antennas (eBook)

Dr. Serge Drabowitch is professor at Ecole Supérieure d'Electronique de Paris, FranceDr. Hugh Griffiths is professor at University College London, UK, and Head of Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringDr. Albert Papiernik is professor at University of Nice, Sophia Antipolis, FranceMr. Bradford Lee Smith is Senior IP Counsel at Alcatel Space Division, Paris, France

List of contributors. Foreword. Acknowledgements. Electromagnetism and antennas â a historical perspective. 1 Fundamentals of electromagnetism. 1.1 Maxwellâs equations. 1.2 Power and energy. 1.3 Plane waves in linear media. Exercises. 2 Radiation. 2.1 Plane wave spectrum. 2.1.1 Spectral domain. 2.2 Kirchhoffâs formulation. Further reading. Exercises. 3 Antennas in transmission. 3.1 Far field radiation. 3.2 Field radiated from an antenna.  3.3 Directivity, gain, radiation pattern. Further reading. Exercises. 4 Receiving antennas. 4.1 Antenna reciprocity theorem. 4.2 Antenna effective receiving area. 4.3 Energy transmission between two antennas. 4.4 Antenna behaviour in the presence of noise. Further reading. Exercises. 5 Antennas of simple geometry. 5.1 Aperture antennas. 5.2 Wire antennas. Further reading. Exercises. 6 Printed antennas. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Different types of printed radiating elements. 6.3 Field analysis methods. 6.4 Input impedance, bandwidth and radiation pattern. 6.5 Low profile, wideband or multiband antennas for mobile communications and short-range applications. Further reading. Exercises. 7 Large antennas and microwave antennas. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Structures and applications. 7.3 Fundamental propagation laws. 7.4 Antennas as radiating apertures. Appendix 7A Deduction of the Huygens-Fresnel principle from the Kirchhoff integral. Further reading. Exercises. 8 Primary feeds. 8.1 General properties. 8.2 Horns. 8.3 Hybrid modes and corrugated horns. Further reading. Exercises. 9 Axially symmetric systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Symmetry properties - propagation of polarization, radiation patterns. 9.3 Principal surface. 9.4 Transfer function. 9.5 System gain. 9.6 Radiation patterns. 9.7 Aberrations in axially-symmetric systems. 9.8 Axially symmetric systems considered in reception: diffraction pattern. 9.9 System considered in reception: transfer of the energy contained in the diffraction pattern to the primary aperture. 9.10 Radiation in the Fresnel zone of a Gaussian illumination - application to the transport of energy by radiation (Goubeauâs waves). Further reading. Exercises. 10 Focused systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Cassegrain antenna. 10.3 Tracking systems. 10.4 Non axially-symmetric systems. Further reading. Exercises. 11 Arrays. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 General structure of a phased array (examples). 11.3 Linear array theory. 11.4 Variation of gain as a function of direction. 11.5 Effects of phase quantization. 11.6 Frequency-scanned arrays. 11.7 Analogue beamforming matrices. 11.8 Further topics. Appendix 11A Comparison of linear and circular arrays. 11A.1 Gain of an arbitrary array. 11A.2 Gain of a beam cophasal circular array. 11A.3 Radiation pattern of a beam cophasal circular array. 11A.4 Example: cos a element patterns. 11A.5 Comparison of linear and circular arrays. Further reading. Exercises. 12 Fundamentals of polarimetry. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fully polarized waves. 12.3 Partially polarized waves. 12.4 Polarimetric representation of radar targets. 12.5 Partially polarized waves: The Mueller Matrix. 12.6 Polarizers and polarization separators for telecommunications antennas and polarimetric radars. Further reading. Exercises. 13 Antennas and signal theory. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Equivalence of an aperture and a spatial frequency filter. 13.3 Synthesis of an aperture to radiate a given radiation pattern. 13.4 Superdirective antennas. 13.5 The antenna as a filter of angular signals. Further reading. Exercises. 14 Signal processing antennas. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Synthetic antennas in radar and sonar. 14.3 Imaging of coherent sources. 14.4 Imaging of incoherent sources. 14.5 High resolution imagery and the maximum entropy method. 14.6 Other methods of spectral estimation. 14.7 Spatial filtering. Appendix 14A Entropy and probability. 14A.1 Uncertainty of an event A of probability p(A). 14A.2 Information gained by the knowledge of an event. 14A.3 Uncertainty relative to an alternative. 14A.4 First generalization: entropy of a set of events. 14A.5 Second generalization: random variable. 14A.6 Decision theory: Maximum Entropy. 14A.7 Entropy and spectral density. 14A.8 Justification of this relationship. Further reading. Exercises. 15 Antenna measurements. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Gain measurements. 15.3 Radiation pattern measurements. 15.4 Time-domain gating. 15.6 Impedance and bandwidth. Further reading. Exercises. Index.