Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (eBook)

Contents 6
Preface 8
Modeling the Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 10
Abstract 10
1 Introductio 10
2 Metal--Carbon Interactions 12
3 Interatomic Interaction Models and Computer Simulation Techniques 15
4 Properties of the sp2 Carbon Wall--Metal Catalyst Interface 17
5 Nucleation of Carbon Caps 19
6 Modeling the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes 22
7 Controlling Growth Modes 25
8 Conclusions 28
Acknowledgements 30
References 30
Metallic Catalysts for Structure-Controlled Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 33
Abstract 33
1 Introduction 34
2 Growth Mechanism of SWNTs 35
3 Catalysts for Diameter-Controlled Growth of SWNTs 38
3.1 Size-Controlled Preparation of Metallic Nanocatalysts 38
3.1.1 Capping Agent-Assisted Preparation of Nanoparticles with Narrow Size Distribution 38
3.1.2 Using Precursors with Uniform Size to Prepare Mono-Dispersed Nanoparticles 40
3.1.3 Catalyst Nanoparticles Confined in Porous Materials 44
3.2 Dispersion of Catalytic Nanoparticles 45
3.3 Evolution of Catalytic Nanoparticles 46
3.3.1 Evolution of Fe Nanoparticles During Calcination and Reduction 46
3.3.2 Prevent Aggregation and Ripening of Catalytic Nanoparticles 49
4 Chirality-Selective Growth of SWNTs 50
4.1 Bimetallic Catalysts 51
4.2 Supported Catalysts 52
4.3 Preparing Catalysts via Intermediates with Uniform Size 53
4.4 Solid-State Catalysts 53
4.5 Intermetallic Compound Catalysts 56
4.6 Summary of Chirality-Specific Growth 58
5 Effect of the CVD Conditions on the Selective Growth of SWNTs 59
5.1 Effect of Carbon Precursor Species 59
5.2 Effect of Carbon Feeding 60
5.3 Effect of Growth Temperature 61
5.4 Effect of Additive Species 62
5.5 Effect of the Growth Environment 64
6 Summary 65
Acknowledgements 65
References 66
Preparation of Horizontal Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Arrays 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 77
2 Orientational Growth of SWNTs 78
2.1 Gas Flow-Directed Growth 79
2.2 Surface Structure-Guided Growth 81
2.3 External Field-Directed Growth 81
2.4 Density Improvement Method 82
2.4.1 Trojan Catalyst Technique 82
2.4.2 Multiple Growth/Transfer Technique 83
2.5 Growth of Arrays of Complex SWNT Structures 84
3 Selective Preparation of s-/m-SWNT Arrays 84
3.1 Catalyst Design 84
3.1.1 Monometal Catalyst 86
3.1.2 Bimetal Catalyst 87
3.1.3 Nonmetal Catalyst 87
3.2 Cap Engineering 88
3.3 In Situ Etching Method 90
3.4 Ex Situ Removal/Etching Method 93
4 Self-Assembly from SWNT Solution 95
4.1 Dielectrophoresis (DEP) 95
4.2 Surface Modification-Assisted Adsorption 96
4.3 Langmuir--Blodgett and Langmuir--Schaefer Techniques 98
4.4 Evaporation-Driven Self-Assembly 98
Acknowledgements 100
References 100
Recent Developments in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films Fabricated by Dry Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 107
2 CNT Synthesis Process and Mechanism 108
3 CNT Film Fabrication 111
4 2D Network Film 112
5 Patterned Film Fabrication 116
6 Characterization, requirements, and performance of CNT films fabricated by FCCVD for use as TCFs 117
7 Applications of SWNT Films in Touch Sensors and Display Electrodes 124
8 Summary and Outlook 129
Acknowledgements 130
References 130
Sorting Carbon Nanotubes 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 137
1.1 Separation in Nature and in Human Technologies 138
1.2 The CNT Sorting Problem 138
1.3 Special Challenges in CNT Sorting 140
2 A Brief Account of the CNT Sorting Methodologies 141
2.1 Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEX) Separation of DNA- and Surfactant-Coated CNTs 141
2.2 Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (DGU) 144
2.3 Selective Extraction in Organic Solvents by Conjugated Polymers and Small Molecules 145
2.4 Gel Chromatography 146
2.5 Aqueous Two-Phase (ATP) Extraction 147
3 Sorting Mechanisms 150
3.1 Solvation Structure, Solvation Energy and its Distribution 150
3.2 Electronic-Structure-Based Sorting via Redox Tuning 153
3.2.1 Redox Chemistry of CNTs 153
3.2.2 Evidence for the Role of Redox in Bandgap-Based Sorting 154
3.2.3 Molecular Mechanism of Redox Sorting 156
3.3 Atomic-Structure-Based Sorting via Ordered Coating Structure Formation 158
3.4 Nanotube Length Effect on Atomic- and Electronic-Structure-Based Separation 160
3.5 Resolution Limit of Atomic-Structure-Based Separation 161
3.6 Evolvability of DNA-Based Sorting 162
4 Future Directions 163
4.1 Sorting Other Types of Nanotubes 163
4.2 Quantifying Solvation Interactions 164
4.3 Expanding Functions of DNA-CNT Hybrids 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
Electronic and Optical Properties of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Electronic Raman Spectroscopy of Metallic Nanotubes 174
2.1 Breit--Wigner--Fano Lineshape and Continuous Spectra 174
2.2 Theory of Electronic Raman Spectra 177
3 Thermoelectricity of SWNTs 179
3.1 Rediscovering Potential Applications of SWNTs in Thermoelectricity 179
3.2 Methods for Calculating Thermoelectric Properties 180
3.3 Chemical Potential Dependence of Thermopower 181
3.4 Chirality-Dependent Thermopower 182
3.5 Quantum Confinement Effects in Thermoelectricity 184
4 Coherent Phonon Spectroscopy of SWNTs 185
4.1 Modeling Coherent Phonon Generation 185
4.2 Single Phonon Mode Generation in Single Chirality SWNTs 187
5 Discrete Energy Levels in Finite-Length SWNT 188
Acknowledgements 193
References 193
Review of Electronics Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 197
2 SWNT RF Electronics 198
2.1 SWNT RF Transistors Based on CVD-Aligned Nanotubes 198
2.2 SWNT RF Transistors Based on Nanotube Networks 200
2.3 SWNT RF Transistors Based on Aligned Pre-separated SWNTs 202
2.4 Linearity Performance of SWNT RF Transistors 203
2.5 Circuit Applications Based on SWNT RF Transistors 204
3 SWNT Nanoelectronics 206
3.1 Single SWNT Transistor 206
3.2 N-Type SWNT Transistors 207
3.3 Transistors and Digital Circuits Based on Aligned SWNTs 211
3.4 Large-scale Assembly of SWNTs 212
3.5 3D Integration and Novel Structures of SWNT Transistors 213
4 SWNT Macroelectronics 214
4.1 Fabricated SWNT TFTs 214
4.1.1 Gaseous Phase-Based SWNT TFTs 214
4.1.2 Solution-Based SWNT TFTs 216
4.2 Printed SWNT TFTs 217
4.3 Applications Based on SWNT TFTs 219
4.3.1 Digital Circuits 219
4.3.2 Active-Matrix Backplanes for Display Electronics and Sensors 221
4.3.3 Flexible Electronics 224
References 225
Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors for Flat Panel Display Application 232
Abstract 232
1 Introduction 233
2 Flat Panel Displays and TFTs 234
3 Why Is CNT-TFT Technology Promising for FPDs? 236
4 Challenges of CNT-TFT Technology for Display 239
4.1 SWCNT Materials and Thin Film Fabrication 240
4.2 The Fabrication Process of CNT-TFTs 245
4.3 The Electrodes and Dielectric Materials 250
4.4 Performance of CNT-TFTs 251
4.4.1 Ion, Ioff , and Ion/Ioff 251
4.4.2 Sub-threshold Swing (SS) 254
4.4.3 Threshold Voltage (Vth) 255
4.4.4 Mobility 256
4.4.5 Stability and Uniformity 258
5 Conclusions and Outlook 258
Acknowledgements 259
References 259
Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for High-Performance Flexible Electronics Applications 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Fundamental Film Formation Processes 266
3 Thin-Film Formation for Semiconductor Applications 269
4 Conclusions and Prospects 273
References 274
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solar Cells 278
Abstract 278
1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as the Photoactive Material in Solar Cells 279
1.1 CNT as Electron AcceptorsTransporters 280
1.2 CNT as Light Absorber and Electron Donor 282
1.3 CNT as Charge Transporter and Others 283
2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Transparent Electrode in Solar Cells 284
2.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Transparent Electrode in Silicon Solar Cells 286
2.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Transparent Electrode in Organic Solar Cells 290
2.3 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Transparent Electrode in Perovskite Solar Cells 294
2.3.1 DSSCs 294
2.3.2 PSCs 296
References 299
Advances in Production and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 307
2 Synthesis and Production Scale-Up 307
2.1 Basic Principles of CNT Synthesis 307
2.2 Synthesis of SWNTs 308
2.3 Synthesis of MWNTs 309
2.4 Production Scale-Up of CNTs Using Fluidized-Bed CVD 311
3 Postprocessing of CNTs 312
3.1 CNT Purification and Dispersion 312
3.2 Heteroatom Doping 315
4 Application Advances 316
4.1 Macroscopic Assemblies and Their Applications 316
4.2 Composite Materials 319
4.3 Energy Storage 322
4.3.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 322
4.3.2 Supercapacitors 326
4.4 Catalysis Applications 329
4.5 Environmental Applications 332
4.5.1 Gas Filtration 332
4.5.2 Water Absorption and Filtration 334
5 Summary and Outlook 335
Acknowledgements 336
References 336