Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology (eBook)

Preface to the Fourth Edition 6
Table of Contents 8
1 Introduction 23
2 Analog Television 33
2.1 Scanning an Original Black/White Picture 36
2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses 38
2.3 Adding the Color Information 40
2.4 Transmission Methods 43
2.5 Distortion and Interference 44
2.6 Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval 46
2.7 Measurements on Analog Video Signals 50
2.8 Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network 55
3 The MPEG Data Stream 57
3.1 MPEG-Standards and Applications 58
3.2 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream 63
3.3 The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) 66
3.4 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet 69
3.5 Information for the Receiver 73
3.6 The PSIP according to the ATSC 104
3.7 ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T 107
3.8 DTMB (China) Tables 109
3.9 Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream 109
4 Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601) 112
5 Video Signal Formats for HDTV and UHDTV 117
5.1 Image Formats 118
5.2 Uncompressed HDTV Baseband Signal 120
5.3 Physical Video Interface Signals Up To UHDTV 123
6 Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain 126
6.1 The Fourier Transform 128
6.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 130
6.3 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 132
6.4 Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT andFFT 134
6.5 The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 134
6.6 Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in theFrequency Domain 138
6.7 Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Preventthem 140
6.8 Window Functions 143
7 Video Coding (MPEG-2, MPEG-4/AVC, HEVC) 144
7.1 Video Compression 145
7.2 Summary 165
7.3 Structure of the Video Elementary Stream 168
7.4 More Recent Video Compression Methods 171
7.5 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding 171
7.6 HEVC ? High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV 179
8 Audio Coding 195
8.1 Digital Audio Source Signal 195
8.2 History of Audio Coding 196
8.3 Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear 199
8.4 Basic Principles of Audio Coding 203
8.5 Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II 205
8.6 Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital 207
8.7 Multichannel Sound 209
8.8 New Developments - MPEG-4 210
9 Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB 212
9.1 Teletext and Subtitles 212
9.2 Video Program System 216
9.3 WSS – Wide Screen Signalling 218
9.4 Practical examples 220
9.5 Further Program Associated Data 222
10 Physical AV Interface Signals 223
10.1 Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals 225
10.2 "CCIR 601" Parallel and Serial Interface 226
10.3 Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface (TS PARALLEL) 227
10.4 Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface(TS-ASI) 231
10.5 SMPTE310 Interface 232
10.6 ISDB-T BCMUX 233
10.7 DVI Interface 233
10.8 HD-SDI interface 235
10.9 DVB-IP interface 235
10.10 SDI over IP, AVB 236
10.11 HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface 236
11 Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream 247
11.1 Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss) 249
11.2 Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error) 250
11.3 Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT) (PAT_error) 250
11.4 Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error) 251
11.5 The PID_Error 252
11.6 The Continuity_Count_Error 253
11.7 The Transport_Error (Priority 2) 254
11.8 The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error 255
11.9 The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error, PCR_Accuracy) 255
11.10 The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error) 257
11.11 The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error) 258
11.12 Service Information Repetition Rate Error(SI_Repetition_Error) 259
11.13 Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOTTables 260
11.14 Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID) 260
11.15 Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information 261
11.16 Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error 262
11.17 Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream 262
12 Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals 265
12.1 Methods for Measuring Video Quality 267
12.2 Objective Picture Quality Analysis 269
12.3 Summary and Outlook 275
13 Basic Principles of Digital Modulation 277
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 Mixer 279
13.3 Amplitude Modulator 281
13.4 IQ Modulator 283
13.5 The IQ Demodulator 291
13.6 Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation 296
13.7 Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform 298
13.8 Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction 300
13.9 A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods 304
13.10 Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals 314
13.11 Summary 317
14 Transmitting Digital Television Signals bySatellite - DVB-S/S2/S2x 319
14.1 The DVB-S System Parameters 322
14.2 The DVB-S Modulator 324
14.3 Convolutional Coding 330
14.4 Signal Processing in the Satellite 335
14.5 The DVB-S Receiver 336
14.6 Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link 339
14.7 DVB-S2 343
14.8 DVB-S2X – Extensions in the DVB-S2 Standard 350
15 DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology 356
15.1 Introduction 356
15.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios 357
15.3 Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a SpectrumAnalyzer 359
15.4 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) 364
15.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation 365
15.6 DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test 366
15.7 Measurements on a Satellite Antenna System 368
16 Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C 371
16.1 The DVB-C Standard 373
16.2 The DVB-C Modulator 375
16.3 The DVB-C Receiver 377
16.4 Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link 378
17 Broadband Cable Transmission According toITU-T J83B (US) 381
17.1 J83B Transmission Parameters 383
17.2 J83B Baseband Input Signals 384
17.3 Forward Error Correction 384
17.4. Calculation of the Net Data Rate 386
17.5 Roll-off Filtering 387
17.6 Fall-off-the-Cliff 387
18 Measuring Digital TV Signals in the BroadbandCable 390
18.1 DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with ConstellationAnalysis 391
18.2 Detecting Interference Effects Using ConstellationAnalysis 395
18.3 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER) 404
18.4 Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-CSignals 405
18.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation 407
18.6 Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel 408
18.7 DVB-C/J83A/B/C Receiver Test 408
19 Coded Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplex (COFDM) 411
19.1 Why Multi-Carrier? 413
19.2 What is COFDM? 416
19.3 Generating the COFDM Symbols 421
19.4 Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum 431
19.5 Hierarchical Modulation 435
19.6 Summary 435
20 Terrestrial Transmission of Digital TelevisionSignals (DVB-T) 437
20.1 The DVB-T Standard 439
20.2 The DVB-T Carriers 441
20.3 Hierarchical Modulation 447
20.4 DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel 449
20.5 The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter 458
20.6 The DVB-T Receiver 461
20.7 Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and itsEffects 466
20.8 DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN) 474
20.9 Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T 482
21 Measuring DVB-T Signals 488
21.1 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio 490
21.2 Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a SpectrumAnalyzer 492
21.3 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals 496
21.4 Measuring the Crest Factor 511
21.5 Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group DelayResponse 512
21.6 Measuring the Impulse Response 513
22 DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcastingfor Handhelds 518
22.1 Introduction 518
22.2 Convergence between Mobile Radio andBroadcasting 520
22.3 Essential Parameters of DVB-H 522
22.4 DSM-CC Sections 522
22.5 Multiprotocol Encapsulation 524
22.6 DVB-H Standard 525
22.7 Summary 530
22.8 DVB-SH 531
23 Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSCStandard 534
23.1 The 8VSB Modulator 539
23.2 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate 547
23.3 The ATSC Receiver 549
23.4 Causes of Interference on the ATSC TransmissionPath 549
23.5 ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV 550
23.6 Closed Captioning 559
23.7 Current Status of ATSC 560
24 ATSC/8VSB Measurements 562
24.1 Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement 562
24.2 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer 563
24.3 Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals 564
24.4 Measuring Amplitude Response and Group DelayResponse 567
24.5. Further Measurements 570
25 Digital Terrestrial Television according toISDB-T 571
25.1 Introduction 571
25.2 ISDB-T Concept 572
25.4 Forming Layers 574
25.5 Baseband Encoding 575
25.6 Changes in the Transport Stream Structure 575
25.7 Block Diagram 577
25.8 Channel Tables 578
25.9 Performance of ISDB-T 579
25.10 Other ISDB Standards 581
25.11 ISDB-T measurements 581
25.12 Summary 583
26 Digital Audio Broadcasting – DAB/DAB+ 584
26.1 Comparing DAB and DVB 586
26.2 An Overview of DAB 589
26.3 The Physical Layer of DAB 594
26.4 DAB – Forward Error Correction 606
26.5 DAB Modulator and Transmitter 611
26.6 DAB Data Structure 615
26.7 DAB Single-Frequency Networks 620
26.8 DAB Data Broadcasting 622
26.9 DAB+ 623
26.10 DAB/DAB+ Multiplex Signal Formats 625
26.11 DAB Measuring Technology 626
26.11.1 Testing DAB Receivers 626
26.11.2 Measuring the DAB Signal 627
27 DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU 632
27.1 Data Broadcasting in DVB 633
27.2 Object Carousels 634
27.3 The Multimedia Home Platform MHP 636
27.4 System Software Update SSU 638
28 T-DMB 640
29 IPTV – Television over the Internet 642
29.1 DVB-IP 644
29.2 IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI 645
29.3 OTT – Over the TOP TV 646
30 DRM – Digital Radio Mondiale 647
30.1 Audio source encoding 651
30.2 Forward Error Correction 651
30.3 Modulation Method 652
30.4 Frame structure 653
30.5 Interference on the transmission link 654
30.6 DRM data rates 655
30.7 DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers 656
30.8 DRM+ 657
31 Single-Frequency Networks in DVB-T in Practice 658
31.1 SFN Measurement Parameters 659
31.1.1 Guard Interval Violation 663
31.1.2 Pre-echoes 665
31.1.3 The 0-dB Echo 665
31.1.4 Quasi Mobile Receiving Situation 666
31.1.5 Transmission of Non-Identical TPS Bits 666
31.1.6 Frequency Accuracy of the Transmitters 667
31.2 Practical Examples 667
31.2.1 Pre-echoes 670
31.2.2 The 0-dB Echoes 670
31.2.3 Quasi Mobile Channel 670
31.2.4 TPS Bits 670
31.2.5 Mobile DVB-T Reception 672
31.2.5.1 AWGN channel 673
31.2.5.2 Doppler Shift 673
31.2.5.3 Stationary Multi-path Reception 674
31.2.5.4 Mobile Multi-path Reception 675
31.2.5.5 Mobile Rice Channel 675
31.2.5.6 Rayleigh Channel 675
31.3 Response of DVB-T Receivers 677
31.4 Receiver Test 678
33.4.1 Minimum Receiver Input Level in the AWGN Channel 679
31.4.2 Minimum SNR 679
31.4.3 Adjacent-Channel Occupancy 679
31.4.4 Co-channel Reception 680
31.4.5 Multi-path Reception 680
31.4.6 Channel Search 680
31.4.7 Booting Speed and Action 680
31.4.8 Program Change 680
31.4.9 Teletext 681
31.4.10 VPS Functions 681
31.4.11 Dynamic PSI/SI Tables 681
31.4.12 Firmware Configuration 681
31.4.13 Miscellaneous 682
31.5 Network Planning 682
31.6 Filling the Gaps in the Coverage 682
31.7 Fall-off-the-Cliff 685
31.8 Summary 686
32 DTMB 687
32.1 DMB-T, or now DTMB 687
32.2 Some more Details 688
33 DOCSIS – Data over Cable Service Interface Specification 692
33.1 Downstream 692
33.2 Upstream 694
33.3 CMTS and Cable Modem 695
33.4 The Development of DOCSIS 695
33.5 Data Streams – Continuous and Time Slot-Based (TDMA) 700
33.6 Modulation – Single- and Multi-Carrier Schemes on the Cable 700
33.7 DOCSIS 3.1 702
33.8 Outlook 718
34 Display Technologies 720
34.1 Previous Converter Systems - the Nipkow Disk 722
34.2 The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 724
34.3 The Plasma Screen 728
34.4 The Liquid Crystal Display Screen 729
34.5 Digital Light Processing Systems 731
34.6 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 731
34.7 Effects on Image Reproduction 731
34.8 Compensation Methods 734
34.9 Test Methods 734
34.10 Current State of the Technology 735
35 The New Generation of DVB Standards 737
35.1 Overview of the DVB Standards 738
35.2 Characteristics of the Old and the New Standards 739
35.3 Capabilities and Aims of the New DVB Standards 740
36 Baseband Signals for DVB-x2 742
36.1 Input Signal Formats 742
36.1.1 MPEG-2 Transport Streams - TS 743
36.1.2 Generic Fixed Packetized Streams - GFPS 744
36.1.3 Generic Continuous Streams - GCS 744
36.1.4 Generic Encapsulated Streams - GSE 745
36.2 Signal Processing and Conditioning in the Modulator Input Section 745
36.2.1 Single Input Stream 746
36.2.2 Multiple Input Streams 749
36.3 Standard-related Special Features 752
36.3.1 DVB-S2 752
36.3.2 DVB-T2 753
36.3.3 DVB-C2 759
36.3.4 DVB-S2X 760
37 DVB-T2 761
37.1 Introduction 761
37.2 Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity 762
37.3 DVB-T2 - Overview 763
37.4 Baseband Interface 764
37.5 Forward Error Correction 766
37.6 COFDM Parameters 770
37.6.1 Normal Carrier Mode 773
37.6.2 Extended Carrier Mode 773
37.7 Modulation Patterns 776
37.7.1 Normal Constellation Diagrams 776
37.7.2 Definition of 'Cell' 778
37.7.3 Rotated Q-delayed Constellation Diagrams 778
37.8 Frame Structure 781
37.8.1 P1 Symbol 783
37.8.2 P2 Symbols 784
37.8.3 Symbol, Frame, Superframe 785
37.9 Block Diagram 786
37.10 Interleavers 787
37.10.1 Types of Interleaver 788
37.10.2 DVB-T2 Time Interleaver Configuration 789
37.11 Pilots 792
37.12 Sub-Slicing 795
37.13 Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS) 796
37.14 PAPR Reduction 796
37.15 SISO/MISO Multi-Antenna Systems 798
37.15.1 MISO according to Alamouti 798
37.15.2 Modified Alamouti in DVB-T2 799
37.16 Future Extension Frames 803
37.17 Auxiliary Data Streams 803
37.18 DVB-T2-MI 803
37.19 SFNs in DVB-T2 804
37.20 Transmitter Identification Information in DVB-T2 805
37.21 Performance 806
37.22 T2-Lite 806
37.23 Outlook 806
38 DVB-C2 808
38.1 Introduction 808
38.2 Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity 810
38.3 DVB-C2 – An Overview 811
38.4 Baseband Interface 811
38.5 Forward Error Correction 812
38.6 COFDM Parameters 812
38.7 Modulation Pattern 814
38.10 Definition of a Cell 816
38.11 Interleavers 816
38.12 Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) 817
38.13 Frame Structure 817
38.14 Channel Bundling and Slice Building 818
38.15 Preamble Symbols 819
38.16 Pilots in DVB-C2 822
38.17 PAPR 823
38.18 Block Diagram 823
38.19 Levels in Broadband Cables 823
38.20 Capacity 825
38.21 Outlook 825
39 DVB-T2 Measurement Technology 826
39.1 Measuring the RF Level 827
39.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios (BER) 829
39.3 Measuring the Modulation Error Ratio (MER) 830
39.4 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T2 Signals 834
39.5 Measuring the Shoulder Distance 837
39.6 Measuring the Channel Impulse Response 839
39.7 Measuring the Amplitude Response and Group Delay 839
39.8 Measuring the Crest Factor (PAPR) 840
39.9 Pre- and Post-Signaling Data 841
39.10 Practical Experiences and Measurement Results 841
39.10.1 Single and Multiple PLP 843
39.10.2 Code Rates and Modulation Methods of DVB-T2 844
39.10.2 Code Rates and Modulation Methods of DVB-T2 844
39.10.3 Comparison of Non-rotated and Rotated Constellations 844
39.10.4 Time Interleaver Parameters and Data Symbols per Frame 845
39.10.5 DVB-T2 Based Single Frequency Networks 845
39.10.6 SISO/MSO in DVB-T2 846
39.10.7 Suitability of DVB-T2 for Mobile Use 847
39.11 Summary 848
40 VHF FM Radio 850
40.1 Channel Spacing and Modulation Method 852
40.2 Spectrum of an FM-Modulated Signal 854
40.3 Stereo Multiplex Signal 858
40.4 Radio Data System (RDS) 862
40.5 Minimum Field Strength and Adjacent-Channel Protection Ratios 865
40.6 Interferences Along the VHF FM Transmission Path 865
40.7 Minimum Receiver Input Level 866
40.8 Comparison with DAB/DAB+ 871
40.9 Measurements on VHF FM Stereo Signals 872
40.9.1 Measuring the RF Level 873
40.9.2 Level Adjustment 873
40.9.3 Measuring the FM Deviation and the Multiplex Power 875
40.9.4 Measuring the Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) 875
40.9.5 Frequency Response of the Left and Right Audio Channels 878
40.9.6 Measuring the Stereo Crosstalk 878
40.9.7 Measuring the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 879
40.9.8 Stereo Balance 880
40.9.9 Dual-Tone Factor 880
40.9.10 MPX Baseband Frequency Response 881
40.9.11 Asynchronous and Synchronous AM 882
40.9.12 Measuring Out-of-Band Components 882
41 Other Transmission Standards 883
41.1 MediaFLO 883
41.2 IBOC - HD Radio 884
41.3 FMextra 885
41.4 CMMB – Chinese Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting 885
42 Digital Dividend 887
42.1 Anatomy of the Mobile Radio Signals 887
42.2 Terrestrial TV Networks and Mobile Radio 888
42.3 Broadband Cable TV Networks and Mobile Radio 889
42.3.1 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on DVB-C Reception 890
42.3.2 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Analog TV Reception 890
42.3.3 Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Other Digital Broadband Services 890
42.4 Electromagnetic Field Immunity Standard for Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers 891
42.5 Summary 891
43 3DTV – Three-Dimensional Television 893
43.1 Anatomical Basics of 3D 893
43.2 The 3D Principle 895
43.3 Presentation of 3D Material 896
43.4 3DTV Transmission 898
43.5 Current 3D Technology Status and Outlook 901
44 Broadcast over Internet, HbbTV, OTT, Streaming 903
44.1 Introduction 903
44.2 Internet Applications in TV and Sound Broadcast 904
44.3 HbbTV - Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV 905
44.4 OTT – Over the Top TV 910
44.5 Summary and Outlook 912
45 Studio, Playout, Headend and Distribution Network 914
45.1 Playout 915
45.2 Headend 916
45.3 Distribution Network 917
45.4 Summary 918
46 Terrestrial Broadcasting Transmitters and Transmitter Stations 919
46.1 Modulation Signal Feed 920
46.2 Terrestrial Broadcast-Transmit Station 921
46.3 Modulator, Exciter 923
46.4 GPS Time/Frequency Reference 925
46.5 Transmitter Power Amplifiers 926
46.5.1 Transistor Technology 929
46.5.2 Power Amplifier Classes 933
46.5.2.1 Basic Circuit of a Transistor Amplifier 934
46.5.2.2 Class A Amplifiers 935
46.5.2.3 Class C Amplifiers 936
46.5.2.4 Class B Amplifiers 936
46.5.2.5 Class AB Amplifiers 937
46.5.3 Power Combiners and Power Dividers 938
46.5.3.1 Wilkinson power splitter 938
46.5.3.2 90 Degree Combiner 939
46.5.3.3 Principle of Operation of the 90 Degree Directional Coupler 942
46.5.3.4 Practical Application of Power Combiners 943
46.5.4 Transmission Lines 943
46.5.5 Cooling Technology 945
46.5.6 Amplifier Technologies for Improving Efficiency 947
46.5.6.1 The Doherty Technique 948
46.5.6.2 Envelope Tracking Technique 950
46.5.6.3 Switching Mode Amplifiers 950
46.6 Transmitter Output Filter 950
46.6.1 Harmonics Filter 952
46.6.2 Mask Filters 952
46.6.2.1 Coaxial Filters 954
46.6.2.2 Cavity Filters 955
46.7 Antenna Combiner 959
46.8 Antenna Feed and Transmit Antenna 959
47 ATSC3.0 969
47.1 ATSC3.0 goals and system design 969
47.2 ATSC3.0 input formats 970
47.3 ATSC3.0 forward error correction (FEC) 970
47.4 Modulation scheme 972
47.5 Layer Division Multiplexing 974
47.6 Time Interleaving 976
47.7 OFDM implementation in ATSC3.0 976
47.8. PAPR, SISO, MISO 981
47.9 Single-Frequency Networks 982
47.10 TDM, FDM and LDM 982
47.11 Summary 984
48 LTE/5G-Based Broadcast 985
48.1 Mobile Broadcast Standards 985
48.2 Mobile Communication Standards 987
48.3 MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services 992
48.4 Summary 998
49 Outlook 999
Bibliography 1000
Definition of Terms 1010
Channel Tables 1025
Europe, Terrestrial and Cable 1025
Australia, Terrestrial 1028
North America, Terrestrial 1029
North America, Cable 1031
DAB Channel Tables 1035
Europe, Satellite 1038
Index 1039