Practical RF System Design

WILLIAM F. EGAN is an instructor at Santa Clara University, California, and formerly a Principle Engineer at TRW ESD and a Senior Technologist at GTE Government Systems. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University and is the author of two previous books related to RF technology.

PREFACE. GETTING FILES FROM THE WILEY ftp AND INTERNET SITES. SYMBOLS LIST AND GLOSSARY. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 System Design Process. 1.2 Organization of the Book. 1.3 Appendixes. 1.4 Spreadsheets. 1.5 Test and Simulation. 1.6 Practical Skepticism. 1.7 References. 2 GAIN. 2.1 Simple Cases. 2.2 General Case. 2.3 Simplification: Unilateral Modules. 2.4 Nonstandard Impedances. 2.5 Use of Sensitivities to Find Variations. 2.6 Summary. Endnotes. 3 NOISE FIGURE. 3.1 Noise Factor and Noise Figure. 3.2 Modules in Cascade. 3.3 Applicable Gains and Noise Factors. 3.4 Noise Figure of an Attenuator. 3.5 Noise Figure of an Interconnect. 3.6 Cascade Noise Figure. 3.7 Expected Value and Variance of Noise Figure. 3.8 Impedance--Dependent Noise Factors. 3.9 Image Noise, Mixers. 3.10 Extreme Mismatch, Voltage Amplifiers. 3.11 Using Noise Figure Sensitivities. 3.12 Mixed Cascade Example. 3.13 Gain Controls. 3.14 Summary. Endnotes. 4 NONLINEARITY IN THE SIGNAL PATH. 4.1 Representing Nonlinear Responses. 4.2 Second--Order Terms. 4.3 Third--Order Terms. 4.4 Frequency Dependence and Relationship Between Products. 4.5 Nonlinear Products in the Cascades. 4.6 Examples: Spreadsheets for IMs in a Cascade. 4.7 Anomalous IMs. 4.8 Measuring IMs. 4.9 Compression in the Cascade. 4.10 Other Nonideal Effects. 4.11 Summary. Endnote. 5 NOISE AND NONLINEARITY. 5.1 Intermodulation of Noise. 5.2 Composite Distortion. 5.3 Dynamic Range. 5.4 Optimizing Cascades. 5.5 Spreadsheet Enhancements. 5.6 Summary. Endnotes. 6 ARCHITECTURES THAT IMPROVE LINEARITY. 6.1 Parallel Combining. 6.2 Feedback. 6.3 Feedforward. 6.4 Nonideal Performance. 6.5 Summary. Endnotes. 7 FREQUENCY CONVERSION. 7.1 Basics. 7.2 Spurious Levels. 7.3 Two--Signal IMs. 7.4 Power Range for Predictable Levels. 7.5 Spur Plot, LO Reference. 7.6 Spur Plot, IF Reference. 7.7 Shape Factors. 7.8 Double Conversion. 7.9 Operating Regions. 7.10 Examples. 7.11 Note on Spur Plots Used in This Chapter. 7.12 Summary. Endnotes. 8 CONTAMINATING SIGNALS IN SEVERE NONLINEARITIES. 8.1 Decomposition. 8.2 Hard Limiting. 8.3 Soft Limiting. 8.4 Mixers, Through the LO Port. 8.5 Frequency Dividers. 8.6 Frequency Multipliers. 8.7 Summary. Endnotes. 9 PHASE NOISE. 9.1 Describing Phase Noise. 9.2 Adverse Effects of Phase Noise. 9.3 Sources of Phase Noise. 9.4 Processing Phase Noise in a Cascade. 9.5 Determining the Effect on Data. 9.6 Other Measures of Phase Noise. 9.7 Summary. Endnote. APPENDIX A: OP AMP NOISE FACTOR CALCULATIONS. A.1 Invariance When Input Resistor Is Redistributed. A.2 Effect of Change in Source Resistances. A.3 Model. APPENDIX B: REPRESENTATIONS OF FREQUENCY BANDS, IF NORMALIZATION. B.1 Passbands. B.2 Acceptance Bands. B.3 Filter Asymmetry. APPENDIX C: CONVERSION ARITHMETIC. C.1 Receiver Calculator. C.2 Synthesis Calculator. APPENDIX E: EXAMPLE OF FREQUENCY CONVERSION. APPENDIX F: SOME RELEVANT FORMULAS. F.1 Decibels. F.2 Reflection Coefficient and SWR. F.3 Combining SWRs. F.3.1 Summary of Results. F.3.2 Development. F.3.3 Maximum SWR. F.3.4 Minimum SWR. F.3.5 Relaxing Restrictions. F.4 Impedance Transformations in Cables. F.5 Smith Chart. APPENDIX G: TYPES OF POWER GAIN. G.1 Available Gain. G.2 Maximum Available Gain. G.3 Transducer Gain. G.4 Insertion Gain. G.5 Actual Gain. APPENDIX H: FORMULAS RELATING TO IMs AND HARMONICS. H.1 Second Harmonics. H.2 Second--Order IMs. H.3 Third Harmonics. H.4 Third--Order IMs. H.5 Definitions of Terms. APPENDIX I: CHANGING THE STANDARD IMPEDANCE. I.1 General Case. I.2 Unilateral Module. APPENDIX L: POWER DELIVERED TO THE LOAD. APPENDIX M: MATRIX MULTIPLICATION. APPENDIX N: NOISE FACTORS STANDARD AND THEORETICAL. N.1 Theoretical Noise Factor. N.2 Standard Noise Factor. N.3 Standard Modules and Standard Noise Factor. N.4 Module Noise Factor in a Standard Cascade. N.5 How Can This Be? N.6 Noise Factor of an Interconnect. N.6.1 Noise Factor with Mismatch. N.6.2 In More Usable Terms. N.6.3 Verification. N.6.4 Comparison with Theoretical Value. N.7 Effect of Source Impedance. N.8 Ratio of Power Gains. Endnote. APPENDIX P: IM PRODUCTS IN MIXERS. APPENDIX S: COMPOSITE S PARAMETERS. APPENDIX T: THIRD--ORDER TERMS AT INPUT FREQUENCY. APPENDIX V: SENSITIVITIES AND VARIANCE OF NOISE FIGURE. APPENDIX X: CROSSOVER SPURS. APPENDIX Z: NONSTANDARD MODULES. Z.1 Gain of Cascade of Modules Relative to Tested Gain. Z.2 Finding Maximum Available Gain of a Module. Z.3 Interconnects. Z.4 Equivalent S Parameters. Z.5 S Parameters for Cascade of Nonstandard Modules. Endnote. REFERENCES. Endnote. INDEX.