HVDC Transmission

Chan-Ki Kim is HVDC Project Leader at the Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). He is an IEEE Fellow and a Fellow and journal editor at both the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Korean Institute of Power Electronics. Kim has published over 200 papers in the electrical engineering field, and has over 20 patents. He received a Technical Award from the Ministry of Science & Technology of the Republic of Korea, best paper awards from the IEEE and KIEE, and four technical awards from KEPCO. Kim holds an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Seoul Industrial University and a B.S. and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Chung-Ang University. Vijay Sood is an Adjunct Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Concordia University and Researcher at Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ). He has been teaching courses in HVDC Transmission and Power Electronics since 198. Sood is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), and a recipient of numerous awards from the IEEE, the Ordre des ingènieurs du Québec, and industry. He was the Associate and Managing Editor for the IEEE Canadian Review, and is currently an Associate Editor for Control Engineering Practice and the Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He has published over 70 papers in international journals and conferences, along with book authorship and chapter contribution. He holds a B.Sc. from University of Nairobi, Kenya, a M.Sc. in Electrical Machines from University of Strathclyde, and a Ph.D. in Power Electronics from University of Bradford.

Foreword ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Author Biographies xv

List of Symbols xix

1 Development of HVDC Technology 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Advantages of HVDC Systems 3

1.3 HVDC System Costs 7

1.4 Overview and Organization of HVDC Systems 13

1.5 Review of the HVDC System Reliability 19

1.6 HVDC Characteristics and Economic Aspects 30

References 34

2 Power Conversion 37

2.1 Thyristor 37

2.2 3-Phase Converter 47

2.3 3-Phase Full Bridge Converter 54

2.4 12-Pulse Converter 58

References 61

3 Harmonics of HVDC and Removal 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Determination of Resulting Harmonic Impedance 81

3.3 Active Power Filter 87

References 95

4 Control of HVDC Converter and System 97

4.1 Converter Control for an HVDC System 97

4.2 Commutation Failure 110

4.3 HVDC Control and Design 116

4.4 HVDC Control Functions 130

4.5 Reactive Power and Voltage Stability 137

4.6 Summary 145

References 145

5 Interactions between AC and DC Systems 149

5.1 Definition of Short Circuit Ratio and Effective Short Circuit Ratio 149

5.2 Interaction between HVDC and AC Power System 159

References 184

6 Main Circuit Design 187

6.1 Converter Circuit and Components 187

6.2 Converter Transformer 193

6.3 Cooling System 200

6.4 HVDC Overhead Line 213

6.5 HVDC Earth Electrodes 229

6.6 HVDC Cable 235

6.7 HVDC Telecommunications 243

6.8 Current Sensors 249

6.9 HVDC Noise and Vibration 251

References 255

7 Fault Behavior and Protection of HVDC System 257

7.1 Valve Protection Functions 257

7.2 Protective Action of an HVDC System 260

7.3 Protection by Control Actions 268

7.4 Fault Analysis 274

References 277

8 Insulation Coordination of HVDC 279

8.1 Surge Arrester 279

8.2 Functions of the Arresters in an HVDC Station 282

8.3 Insulation Coordination of the Cheju HVDC System 288

References 293

9 A Practical Example of an HVDC System 295

9.1 Introduction 295

9.2 System Description 301

9.3 Phase Control 304

References 327

10 Other Converter Configurations for HVDC Transmission 329

10.1 Introduction 329

10.2 Voltage Source Converter (VSC) 329

10.3 CCC and CSCC HVDC System 340

10.4 Multi-Terminal DC Transmission 349

References 357

11 Modeling and Simulation of HVDC Systems 359

11.1 Simulation Scope and Range 359

11.2 Fast Methods for Accurate Simulation 363

11.3 HVDC Modeling and Simulation 368

11.4 Cheju–Haenam HVDC Real-Time Digital Simulator 373

References 381

12 Present and Proposed Future Installations of HVDC Systems 383

12.1 USA 383

12.2 Japan 387

12.3 Europe 389

12.4 China 396

12.5 India 397

12.6 Malaysia/Philippines 398

12.7 Australia/New Zealand 399

12.8 Brazil 400

12.9 Africa 401

13 Trends for HVDC Applications 403

13.1 Wind Farm Technology 403

13.2 Modern Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC Systems 413

13.3 800 kV HVDC System 422

References 431

Index 433